The Art of Assembly Language

F

falling edge of a clock, 150

false, 192

Fast and Wide SCSI, 368

faster processing, 235

FAT (file allocation table), 378

free-space management, 380

implementation, 378

fault, 317

fetched bytes, 240

Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FCAL) and SCSI, 369

field

aligning in record, 184

C bit, 58

encoding, 61, 282

extracting bit, 62

inserting data into bit, 62

in a record/structure, 181

file

access performance, 386

AIF, 401

block, 375, 382, 383, 387

formats, 401

formatted I/O to disk, 388

fragmentation, 376, 386

GM (general MIDI), 402

I/O performance, 386

managers, 374

memory-mapped, 312, 389

MIDI, 401

organization, 381

size , 383

sparse, 381, 385

storage in memory, 297

WAV, 401

file allocation table. See FAT

file system

free-space bitmaps in, 377

on mass storage devices, 374

operating system, 374

sequential, 376

financial transactions and fixed-point arithmetic, 35

fine-grained parallelism, 257

FireWire, 367, 369

first-fit memory allocation, 323

first-in, first-out (FIFO) cache replacement policy, 307

fixed drives , 352.

See also disk drives

fixed-point

arithmetic, 35

binary formats, 34

representation, 33-34

flag

register, 232

zero, 230

flash memory device, 364

flash storage modules, 363

flip-flop, D (data), 221

flip-flop, S/R (set/reset), 220

latch, 221

as output port (S/R), 333

unstable, 221

float data type (C/C++), 72

floating-point

accuracy, 68

addition, 81-82

arithmetic, 33, 65, 66

exceptions in, 79

IEEE rounding, 84

limitations of, 65

calculation, 67

error accumulation, 68

order of evaluation, 68

comparisons, 69

denormalized values, 76

division, 92, 97

fpdiv function, 93, 97

by zero, 79

double-precision format (IEEE), 74

dynamic range, 66

error accumulation, 68

exceptions, 79

inexact result, 80

invalid operation, 79

numeric overflow, 80

numeric underflow, 80

excess-127 exponent, 73

excess-1023 format, 74

excess-16383 exponent, 74

extended-precision format, 74

format

decimal, 67

double-precision, 71, 74

extended-precision, 74

IEEE, 71

simple, 67

single-precision, 72-73

guard bits, 68, 77

IEEE single-precision format, 72

implied bit, 72

mantissas, 66

multiplication, 92, 93

normalized values, 75

number, 72

comparing, 69, 71

dynamic range in, 66

truncation of, 77

operations, 80

order of evaluation, 68

representation, 80

rounding, 77

significant digits, 67

special values, 78

subtraction, 81-82

truncation, 67, 77

units, 65, 80

floor function, 77

floppy

diskettes, 298

drives, 352

floptical drives, 359

flushing a pipeline, 247

forcing bits, 48

formatted I/O, 388

forms, 146

FORTRAN programming language, 5

array access, 178

double-precision data type, 72

real data type, 72

four-way set associative caches, 304

fpadd function, 82

fpdiv function, 93

fpmul function, 93

fpsub function, 82

FPU (floating-point unit), 80

fractional

representation, 35

values, 33, 38

fragmentation

disk files, 376

file, 386

internal, 327

memory, 324

in memory manager, 323

frames in USB protocol, 392

free function, 325

free memory allocation function, 164

freeing a memory block, 324

free-space

bitmap in file system, 377

management, 380

frequency, system clock, 150

full adders, 215

fully associative cache, 304

function

C/C++, 164

ceil, 77

correct rectangle, 207

delete memory allocation, 164

dispose memory allocation, 164

floating-point addition (fpadd) , 82

floating-point division (fpdiv) , 93, 97

floating-point multiplication (fpmul) , 93

floating-point subtraction (fpsub) , 82

floor, 77

free , 164, 325

malloc , 164, 325

NAND, universal Boolean, 213

new memory allocation, 164

four-dimensional arrays, 177

functional units, 239

functions

Boolean

electronic circuits and, 213

names , 196

number, 195

optimizing, 204

simplifying, 204

unique, 195

efficiency of string, 112

numbers , 197

of three variables , 195