| This Chapter introduces the reader to Layer 2 and 3 QoS technologies. Classification and Marking Specifies priorities for different groups of applications. Congestion Management Based on priorities, switches packets with various queuing mechanisms and applies shaping or policing. Congestion Avoidance By using congestion avoidance, packets are randomly dropped periodically based on class before congestion occurs. Signaling allocates bandwidth and QoS for traffic flows before sending the application traffic.
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