Defining a Member Function with a Parameter
In our car analogy from Section 3.2, we mentioned that pressing a car's gas pedal sends a message to the car to perform a taskmake the car go faster. But how fast should the car accelerate? As you know, the farther down you press the pedal, the faster the car accelerates. So the message to the car includes both the task to perform and additional information that helps the car perform the task. This additional information is known as a parameterthe value of the parameter helps the car determine how fast to accelerate. Similarly, a member function can require one or more parameters that represent additional data it needs to perform its task. A function call supplies valuescalled argumentsfor each of the function's parameters. For example, to make a deposit into a bank account, suppose a deposit member function of an Account class specifies a parameter that represents the deposit amount. When the deposit member function is called, an argument value representing the deposit amount is copied to the member function's parameter. The member function then adds that amount to the account balance.
Defining and Testing Class GradeBook
Our next example (Fig. 3.3) redefines class GradeBook (lines 1423) with a displayMessage member function (lines 1822) that displays the course name as part of the welcome message. The new displayMessage member function requires a parameter (courseName in line 18) that represents the course name to output.
Figure 3.3. Defining class GradeBook with a member function that takes a parameter.
(This item is displayed on page 82 in the print version)
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1 // Fig. 3.3: fig03_03.cpp 2 // Define class GradeBook with a member function that takes a parameter; 3 // Create a GradeBook object and call its displayMessage function. 4 #include 5 using std::cout; 6 using std::cin; 7 using std::endl; 8 9 #include // program uses C++ standard string class 10 using std::string; 11 using std::getline; 12 13 // GradeBook class definition 14 class GradeBook 15 { 16 public: 17 // function that displays a welcome message to the GradeBook user 18 void displayMessage( string courseName ) 19 { 20 cout << "Welcome to the grade book for " << courseName << "!" 21 << endl; 22 } // end function displayMessage 23 }; // end class GradeBook 24 25 // function main begins program execution 26 int main() 27 { 28 string nameOfCourse; // string of characters to store the course name 29 GradeBook myGradeBook; // create a GradeBook object named myGradeBook 30 31 // prompt for and input course name 32 cout << "Please enter the course name:" << endl; 33 getline( cin, nameOfCourse ); // read a course name with blanks 34 cout << endl; // output a blank line 35 36 // call myGradeBook's displayMessage function 37 // and pass nameOfCourse as an argument 38 myGradeBook.displayMessage( nameOfCourse ); 39 return 0; // indicate successful termination 40 } // end main
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Before discussing the new features of class GradeBook, let's see how the new class is used in main (lines 2640). Line 28 creates a variable of type string called nameOfCourse that will be used to store the course name entered by the user. A variable of type string represents a string of characters such as "CS101 Introduction to C++ Programming". A string is actually an object of the C++ Standard Library class string. This class is defined in header file , and the name string, like cout, belongs to namespace std. To enable line 28 to compile, line 9 includes the header file. Note that the using declaration in line 10 allows us to simply write string in line 28 rather than std::string. For now, you can think of string variables like variables of other types such as int. You will learn about additional string capabilities in Section 3.10.
Line 29 creates an object of class GradeBook named myGradeBook. Line 32 prompts the user to enter a course name. Line 33 reads the name from the user and assigns it to the nameOfCourse variable, using the library function getline to perform the input. Before we explain this line of code, let's explain why we cannot simply write
cin >> nameOfCourse;
to obtain the course name. In our sample program execution, we use the course name "CS101 Introduction to C++ Programming," which contains multiple words. (Recall that we highlight user-supplied input in bold.) When cin is used with the stream extraction operator, it reads characters until the first white-space character is reached. Thus, only "CS101" would be read by the preceding statement. The rest of the course name would have to be read by subsequent input operations.
In this example, we'd like the user to type the complete course name and press Enter to submit it to the program, and we'd like to store the entire course name in the string variable nameOfCourse. The function call getline( cin, nameOfCourse ) in line 33 reads characters (including the space characters that separate the words in the input) from the standard input stream object cin (i.e., the keyboard) until the newline character is encountered, places the characters in the string variable nameOfCourse and discards the newline character. Note that when you press Enter while typing program input, a newline is inserted in the input stream. Also note that the header file must be included in the program to use function getline and that the name getline belongs to namespace std.
Line 38 calls myGradeBook's displayMessage member function. The nameOfCourse variable in parentheses is the argument that is passed to member function displayMessage so that it can perform its task. The value of variable nameOfCourse in main becomes the value of member function displayMessage's parameter courseName in line 18. When you execute this program, notice that member function displayMessage outputs as part of the welcome message the course name you type (in our sample execution, CS101 Introduction to C++ Programming).
More on Arguments and Parameters
To specify that a function requires data to perform its task, you place additional information in the function's parameter list, which is located in the parentheses following the function name. The parameter list may contain any number of parameters, including none at all (represented by empty parentheses as in Fig. 3.1, line 13) to indicate that a function does not require any parameters. Member function displayMessage's parameter list (Fig. 3.3, line 18) declares that the function requires one parameter. Each parameter should specify a type and an identifier. In this case, the type string and the identifier courseName indicate that member function displayMessage requires a string to perform its task. The member function body uses the parameter courseName to access the value that is passed to the function in the function call (line 38 in main). Lines 2021 display parameter courseName's value as part of the welcome message. Note that the parameter variable's name (line 18) can be the same as or different from the argument variable's name (line 38)you'll learn why in Chapter 6, Functions and an Introduction to Recursion.
A function can specify multiple parameters by separating each parameter from the next with a comma (we'll see an example in Figs. 6.46.5). The number and order of arguments in a function call must match the number and order of parameters in the parameter list of the called member function's header. Also, the argument types in the function call must match the types of the corresponding parameters in the function header. (As you will learn in subsequent chapters, an argument's type and its corresponding parameter's type need not always be identical, but they must be "consistent.") In our example, the one string argument in the function call (i.e., nameOfCourse) exactly matches the one string parameter in the member-function definition (i.e., courseName).
Common Programming Error 3.4
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Placing a semicolon after the right parenthesis enclosing the parameter list of a function definition is a syntax error. |
Common Programming Error 3.5
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Defining a function parameter again as a local variable in the function is a compilation error. |
Good Programming Practice 3.1
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To avoid ambiguity, do not use the same names for the arguments passed to a function and the corresponding parameters in the function definition. |
Good Programming Practice 3.2
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Choosing meaningful function names and meaningful parameter names makes programs more readable and helps avoid excessive use of comments. |
Updated UML Class Diagram for Class GradeBook
The UML class diagram of Fig. 3.4 models class GradeBook of Fig. 3.3. Like the class GradeBook defined in Fig. 3.1, this GradeBook class contains public member function displayMessage. However, this version of displayMessage has a parameter. The UML models a parameter by listing the parameter name, followed by a colon and the parameter type in the parentheses following the operation name. The UML has its own data types similar to those of C++. The UML is language-independentit is used with many different programming languagesso its terminology does not exactly match that of C++. For example, the UML type String corresponds to the C++ type string. Member function displayMessage of class GradeBook (Fig. 3.3; lines 1822) has a string parameter named courseName, so Fig. 3.4 lists courseName : String between the parentheses following the operation name displayMessage. Note that this version of the GradeBook class still does not have any data members.
Figure 3.4. UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a displayMessage operation with a courseName parameter of UML type String.