Cryptography and Network Security (4th Edition)

2017-07-07 02:10:07

[Page 478]

Both PGP and S/MIME make use of an encoding technique referred to as radix-64 conversion. This technique maps arbitrary binary input into printable character output. The form of encoding has the following relevant characteristics:

The range of the function is a character set that is universally representable at all sites, not a specific binary encoding of that character set. Thus, the characters themselves can be encoded into whatever form is needed by a specific system. For example, the character "E" is represented in an ASCII-based system as hexadecimal 45 and in an EBCDIC-based system as hexadecimal C5.

The character set consists of 65 printable characters, one of which is used for padding. With 2⁶ = 64 available characters, each character can be used to represent 6 bits of input.

No control characters are included in the set. Thus, a message encoded in radix 64 can traverse mail-handling systems that scan the data stream for control characters.

The hyphen character ("-")is not used. This character has significance in the RFC 822 format and should therefore be avoided.

Table 15.9 shows the mapping of 6-bit input values to characters. The character set consists of the alphanumeric characters plus "+" and "/". The "=" character is used as the padding character.

Table 15.9. Radix-64 Encoding
6-Bit	Character Encoding
0	A
1	B
2	C
3	D
4	E
5	F
6	G
7	H
8	I
9	J
10	K
11	L
12	M
13	N
14	O
15	P
16	Q
17	R
18	S
19	T
20	U
21	V
22	W
23	X
24	Y
25	Z
26	a
27	b
28	c
29	d
30	e
31	f
32	g
33	h
34	i
35	j
36	k
37	l
38	m
39	n
40	o
41	p
42	q
43	r
44	s
45	t
46	u
47	v
48	w
49	x
50	y
51	z
52	0
53	1
54	2
55	3
56	4
57	5
58	6
59	7
60	8
61	9
62	+
63	/
(pad)	=

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Figure 15.11 illustrates the simple mapping scheme. Binary input is processed in blocks of 3 octets, or 24 bits. Each set of 6 bits in the 24-bit block is mapped into a character. In the figure, the characters are shown encoded as 8-bit quantities. In this typical case, each 24-bit input is expanded to 32 bits of output.

Figure 15.11. Printable Encoding of Binary Data into Radix-64 Format

For example, consider the 24-bit raw text sequence 00100011 01011100 10010001, which can be expressed in hexadecimal as 235C91. We arrange this input in blocks of 6 bits:

001000 110101 110010 010001

The extracted 6-bit decimal values are 8, 53, 50, 17. Looking these up in Table 15.9 yields the radix-64 encoding as the following characters: I1yR. If these characters are stored in 8-bit ASCII format with parity bit set to zero, we have

01001001 00110001 01111001 01010010

In hexadecimal, this is 49317952. To summarize,

Input Data
Binary representation	00100011 01011100 10010001
Hexadecimal representation	235C91
Radix-64 Encoding of Input Data
Character representation	I1yR
ASCII code (8 bit, zero parity)	01001001 00110001 01111001 01010010
Hexadecimal representation	49317952

Table 15.9. Radix-64 Encoding

Figure 15.11. Printable Encoding of Binary Data into Radix-64 Format

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