[Page 53 (continued)]2.5. Steganography We conclude with a discussion of a technique that is, strictly speaking, not encryption, namely, steganography. A plaintext message may be hidden in one of two ways. The methods of steganography conceal the existence of the message, whereas the methods of cryptography render the message unintelligible to outsiders by various transformations of the text.[10] [10] Steganography was an obsolete word that was revived by David Kahn and given the meaning it has today [KAHN96]. A simple form of steganography, but one that is time-consuming to construct, is one in which an arrangement of words or letters within an apparently innocuous text spells out the real message. For example, the sequence of first letters of each word of the overall message spells out the hidden message. Figure 2.8 shows an example in which a subset of the words of the overall message is used to convey the hidden message. Figure 2.8. A Puzzle for Inspector Morse (This item is displayed on page 54 in the print version)
(From The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn, by Colin Dexter) Various other techniques have been used historically; some examples are the following [MYER91]: Character marking: Selected letters of printed or typewritten text are overwritten in pencil. The marks are ordinarily not visible unless the paper is held at an angle to bright light. Invisible ink: A number of substances can be used for writing but leave no visible trace until heat or some chemical is applied to the paper.
[Page 54]Pin punctures: Small pin punctures on selected letters are ordinarily not visible unless the paper is held up in front of a light. Typewriter correction ribbon: Used between lines typed with a black ribbon, the results of typing with the correction tape are visible only under a strong light.
Although these techniques may seem archaic, they have contemporary equivalents. [WAYN93] proposes hiding a message by using the least significant bits of frames on a CD. For example, the Kodak Photo CD format's maximum resolution is 2048 by 3072 pixels, with each pixel containing 24 bits of RGB color information. The least significant bit of each 24-bit pixel can be changed without greatly affecting the quality of the image. The result is that you can hide a 2.3-megabyte message in a single digital snapshot. There are now a number of software packages available that take this type of approach to steganography. Steganography has a number of drawbacks when compared to encryption. It requires a lot of overhead to hide a relatively few bits of information, although using some scheme like that proposed in the preceding paragraph may make it more effective. Also, once the system is discovered, it becomes virtually worthless. This problem, too, can be overcome if the insertion method depends on some sort of key (e.g., see Problem 2.11). Alternatively, a message can be first encrypted and then hidden using steganography. The advantage of steganography is that it can be employed by parties who have something to lose should the fact of their secret communication (not necessarily the content) be discovered. Encryption flags traffic as important or secret or may identify the sender or receiver as someone with something to hide. |