Six Sigma and Beyond: Statistical Process Control, Volume IV

Introduction

Table I.1: VariationData Characterization

Table I.2: A Cursory Summary of Specifications and Control Limits

Chapter 1: The Need for Improvement

Table 1.1: What SPC Is and Is Not

Chapter 2: Problem Solving

Table 2.1: Characteristics of Quality of Work Life

Table 2.2: Worksheet for Pareto Analysis

Table 2.3: Flow Chart Symbols

Table 2.4: Cost of Quality

Table 2.5: Plan for Inspection Parts and Products

Table 2.6: Time Wasters

Table 2.7: Essentials of Benchmarking

Table 2.8: Progression to a Successful Benchmarking

Table 2.9: A Typical ANOVA Output Table

Chapter 3: Summarizing Data

Table 3.1: Frequency Distribution of Classes, Checklist, and Cumulative Frequency

Table 3.2: Critical Values at 95% Confidence That a Significant Correlation Exists

Chapter 4: Descriptive Statistics

Table 4.1: Calculations for the Standard Deviation

Chapter 5: Normal Distribution

Table 5.1: The Area under the Normal Curve

Table 5.2: Goodness-of-Fit Test: Basic Tabulations

Table 5.3: Data from the Lead Placement Analysis for Attachment to Soldering Pads on a Ceramic Substrate

Table 5.4: The Cell , the UCL, and the Observed Frequency

Table 5.5: The Points for UCL and the f

Table 5.6: z and P _c Values

Table 5.7: Critical Values for the A ² *

Table 5.8: Relevant Critical Values

Chapter 6: Process Variation and Control Charts

Table 6.1: Distance for the Simulated Drops

Table 6.2: The Coordinates for the Funnel Experiment

Chapter 7: Preparing for Control Charts

Table 7.1: Common Charts and Their Categories

Chapter 8: Variable Charts

Table 8.1: The Constants for Calculating the Control Limits for Xbar and R Chart

Table 8.2: Table of Constants and Formulas for Individuals and MR

Table 8.3: Table of Constants and Formulas: Xbar and s Charts

Table 8.4: Working Time (minutes) for Cement (Secar 80) Mortar

Chapter 10: Other Charts

Table 10.1: Table of Constants and Formulas for Median and Range Charts

Table 10.2: Transformed Data from Burr's Example

Table 10.3: Working Time (minutes) for Cement (Secar 80) Mortar

Chapter 11: Control Chart Signals

Table 11.1: Generic Causes That Affect the Xbar and R ChartBeyond Control Points

Table 11.2: Generic Causes That Affect the Xbar and R ChartRun

Table 11.3: Generic Causes That Affect the Xbar and R ChartTrend

Table 11.4: Generic Causes That Affect the Xbar and R ChartCycle

Table 11.5: Generic Causes That Affect the Xbar and R ChartUnusual Variation, Close to Center Line

Table 11.6: Generic Causes That Affect the Xbar and R ChartUnusual Variation, Close to Control Limits

Chapter 12: Process Control and Capability

Table 12.1: A Number of Causes That May Contribute to a Noncapable Process

Table 12.2: Capability Indices

Chapter 13: Short-Run SPC

Table 13.1: Statistical Values Used for the Various Short-Run Charts

Table 13.2: The f ₂ Factors for Calculating Target Rbar

Table 13.3: A Guideline for Initial Sampling of Variable Data

Table 13.4: A Guideline for Initial Sampling of Attribute Data

Chapter 14: Distribution Shape and Stability

Table 14.1: Coded Data for Outside Diameters for a Windshield Wiper Motor Armature Shaft

Chapter 15: The Measurement Process

Table 15.1: Actual Statistical Calculations

Table 15.2: A Typical ANOVA Table for Measurement Analysis

Table 15.3: Responses from Computer Software

Table 15.4: Measurement Capability Analysis Output

Chapter 16: Machine Acceptance Overview

Table 16.1: Machine Acceptance Checklist (before leaving the plant)

Table 16.2: A Typical Checklist Before Moving to Phase II

Statistical (SQC) Data Analysis Phase I Example

Statistical (SQC) Data Analysis Xbar Chart

Range Chart

Table 16.3: A Typical Checklist Before Moving to Phase III

Statistical (SQC) Data Analysis Phase II Example

Statistical (SQC) Data Analysis Xbar chart

Range Chart

Table 16.4: A Typical Checklist Before Moving to the Next Phase

Statistical (SQC) Data Analysis Phase III Example

Statistical (SQC) Data Analysis Xbar Chart

Statistical (SQC) Data Analysis Range Chart

Chapter 17: SPC in Nonmanufacturing

Table 17.1: A Comparison of Manufacturing and Service Success Criteria

Table 17.2: A Comparison of Quality Characteristics

Appendix A: Statistics

Control Chart Construction GuideVariable Data

Testing for Normality and Exponentiality

Appendix C: Statistical Tables

Table I: Normal DistributionArea under the Curve

Table II: The t Distribution

Table III: Chi Square ( X ² ) Distribution

Table IV: F Distribution (tabulated values for a = .05)

Table V: Exponential Distribution Values of for Various Values

Table VIa: 0.05 and 0.01 Points of the Distribution of ₁ Normal Universe (approximate values)

Table VIb: Percentage Points of the Distribution of ₂ : Normal Universe (approximate values)

Table VII: A Guideline for Sample Size

Table VIII: Table for Testing Randomness of Grouping in a Sequence of Alternatives

Table IX: Conversion of Z-Score, DPMO, %Defective, and Yield