Six Sigma and Beyond: Statistics and Probability, Volume III

P

Paired experimental designs, 63

Pairwise deletion, 88

Parallel system, 197, 217 “219

Parameter, 38

Parsimonious goodness-of-fit index (PGFI), 165

Parsimonious normed fit index (PNFI), 164 “165

Pascal's triangle, 233

PDF, see Probability density function (PDF)

Pearson's r coefficient, 79 “80, 84 “88, 126 “127

Perceived dimensions, 157

Percentages, 21 “22, 38, 43, 52

Percentiles, 30

Perceptual mapping, 156 “157

Permutations, 226 “229

PGFI, 165

Phi coefficient, 75

Placebo, 12, 60

Plots, 186 “187

bar charts , 22, 27 “28

boxplot , 39, 141

correlogram, 172

of event-based dependence, 71

histogram, 27 “30, 71, 138

for measures of association, 81 “83

nonlinearity, 71

null, 71

probability, 138 “139

of residuals, 71

scatterplot, 83 “84, 126

Time-based dependence, 71

PNFI, 164 “165

Poisson distribution, 267 “268, 279 “282

Pooled within-groups , see Within-groups

Population, 6, 62 “63, 94

Positive relationship of variables , 77 “78, 83 “85

Positive skew distribution, 29, 44, 139

Power of a test, 64

PRE, 75 “79, 81

Primary analysis, 10

Principal components , 158

Principal diagonal, 286

Probability

concepts of, 203 “223, 276 “277

conditional, 209 “210

continuous, 193

cumulative, 249

discrete distribution, 238 “239, 267 “274

of exceeding threshold, 192

Fisher exact probability test, 113

joint, 209 “212

PDF, see Probability density function (PDF)

plot of, 138 “139

total, 206 “207

transition, 310 “314

Probability density function (PDF), 187; see also Confidence interval

discrete probability distribution, 238 “239

expected values and, 194

mean of, 188 “190

for normal distribution, 254 “257

with random variables, 242 “253

Probability plot, 138 “139

Product rule for series, 214

Proportional reduction in error (PRE), 75 “79, 81