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| b. Early Modern European Expeditions |
| 1553–54 |
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| Sir Hugh Willoughby and Richard Chancellor travel to Kola Peninsula. | 1 |
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| 1576 |
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| Sir Martin Frobisher sought the Northwest Passage in northern Canada. | 2 |
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| 1585–87 |
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| John Davis sought the Northwest Passage in northern Canada. | 3 |
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| 1594–97 |
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| Three voyages of Willem Barents and Cornelis Nay in northern Russia, exploring islands and routes in region of Barents Sea. | 4 |
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| 1607–11 |
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| Voyages of HENRY HUDSON, searching for Northwest Passage and exploring northern Canada. | 5 |
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| 1610–48 |
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| Russian Cossacks conquered Siberia and explored north coasts and major Arctic rivers. | 6 |
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| 1670 |
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| Hudson's Bay Company was granted royal charter for trade in North America and began explorations of Arctic areas. | 7 |
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| 1728–41 |
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| Voyages of VITRUS BERING to explore north Pacific basin and Bering Strait regions. | 8 |
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| 1732–43 |
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| Russian government survey of the whole Siberian coast. | 9 |
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| 1738–39 |
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| Pierre Bouvet sighted land south of Capetown in an expedition to prove or disprove the existence of an Antarctic continent. | 10 |
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| 1772–75 |
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| CAPT. JAMES COOK's second voyage of Pacific exploration circumnavigated Antarctica for the first time, farthest southern penetration to that time. | 11 |
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