HyperTransportв„ў System Architecture

System Management Mode (SMI# & SMIACT#)

System Management Mode (SMM) is a special mode of operation supported by x86 microprocessors in addition to their real and protected modes of operation. SMM was introduced originally to support power management in mobile PCs. Today power management is largely handled by the operating system (O.S.), but SMM is still used in a variety of other applications.

SMM Applications

System management mode (SMM) allows the processor to execute code from system management memory that is separate from the regular memory used by the operating system and applications. This permits the system designer to implement features that are transparent to the operating system, making SMM extremely valuable for applications not supported by the O.S., or where O.S. transparency is important. Some example applications are:

• Devices that have no native O.S. support ” for example, USB device support exists only in later editions of operating systems. Support for booting USB devices and running them under older operating system such as DOS can be handled by running support code in SMM.

• System security ” when managed within SMM, security code is not accessible via the operating systems and applications making it less accessible to hackers.

• Fault-tolerant solutions ” applications running in SMM can monitor the health of the operating system and applications. When problems are detected SMM, code can be used to recover from many types of failures.

The HT specification supports SMM by permitting HT devices to generate a system management interrupt (SMI), which puts the processor into SMM. This type of action is common to a south bridge or I/O Controller Hub in an x86-based system (e.g. USB support). The HT specification expressly prohibits any HT device other than the ICH/South bridge from sending an SMI Request message.

Legacy SMM Signals

The x86 processors implement two signals to support SMM.

• SMI # (system management interrupt) input pin informs the processor that a system management handler, residing in System Management (SM) address space, needs to be executed.

• SMIACT# (system management interrupt active) informs external logic that the processor is in system management mode. The SMIACT# signal specifies access to system management RAM (SMRAM) so that SMRAM can be accessed. (Note that later x86 processors signal SMIACT# to the Host Bridge via a special cycle operation, while earlier processors implemented an SMIACT# pin.)

Figure 22-16 on page 513 illustrates SMM signaling in a legacy system. The system management interrupt (SMI#) causes the processor to enter system management mode. When SMI# is recognized asserted on an instruction boundary, it completes all buffered write transactions, and signals SMI acknowledge (SMIACT#). The processor then saves the contents of its internal registers to system management RAM (SMRAM) and begins to fetch and execute SMM code.

The HT Method of Signaling SMI# & SMIACT#

HT conveys SMI# to the Host Bridge via an SM interrupt message cycle. The bridge in turn asserts the SMI# signal to the processor, or optionally can send the SMI# request via the APIC bus in a multiprocessor environment. An x86 processor responds with an SMI Active indication using one of two possible methods depending on the model:

• asserts the SMIACT# signal that connects to the Host Bridge

• delivers an SMIACT special cycle message to the Host Bridge

In either case, the Host Bridge broadcasts the SMIACT indication to the SMC via an HT special cycle. Figure 22-17 on page 514 illustrates the contents of the Interrupt Request packet that the SMC uses when signaling SMI, and Figure 22-18 on page 515 illustrates the SM Request packet contents that the Host Bridge broadcasts when signaling SMIACT.