Upgrading and Repairing PCs (17th Edition)
Index[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] C3 E-series processors, C3 processors (VIA), CA0102 (Audigy 2) audio chip, CA0102-ICT (Audigy 2 ZS) audio chip, CA0186 audio chip, cable modems, asymmetrical networks bandwidth bundled cable modems CableLabs Certified cable modems CATV networks connecting to Internet with costs DOCSIS standards external internal performance security cable select (CS), cable select (CSEL) signals, CableLabs Certified cable modems, Cables to Go, cables, ATA (AT Attachment) buying tips 2nd cable distance limitations cable-ties DCC (Direct Cable Connection) Direct Cable Connection technology drive installation external cables, connecting floppy disk drives 2nd grounding loops hard disk drives IEEE 1394 installation cable distance limitations cable selection crossover cables custom-built UTP (unshielded twisted-pair) cables twisted-pair wiring standards keyboard cables loopback testing motherboard cables mouse cables null modem cables optical drives testing Thicknet Thinnet twisted-pair building Category 3 Category 5 Category 5e Category 6 Category 7 crossover cables STP (shielded twisted pair) UTP (unshielded twisted pair) 2nd wiring standards USB (universal serial bus) cache, 2nd 486DX processors access times Am5x86(TM)-P75 processors asynchronous design bus snooping cache controllers cache misses CD/DVD drives compared to DRAM controllers 2nd Cyrix 6x86/6x86MX processors defined 2nd direct-mapped cache four-way set associative cache 2nd fully associative mapped cache hard disk drive cache controllers hit ratio Level 1 cache 2nd cache misses cache operation compared to Level 2 cache importance of NexGen Nx586 processors Pentium II processors Pentium Pro processors Pentium-MMX improvements Level 2 cache cache operation compared to Level 1 cache Pentium II processors Pentium II/III Xeon processors Pentium III processors Pentium Pro processors Pentium processors performance and design Level 3 cache 2nd maximum cache nonblocking cache Pentium II processors Pentium Pro processors pipeline burst mode set associative cache speed synchronous design TLB (translation lookaside buffer) two-way set associative cache write-back cache Am5x86(TM)-P75 processors Pentium-MMX processors write-through cache caddy load mechanism (CD/DVD drives), Cady, Walter G., calculators, Calibrate, call-waiting support, CAM ATA (Common Access Method ATA), cameras, digital flash memory CompactFlash comparison of MMC (MultiMediaCard) PC Card physical size reading SD (SecureDigital) SmartMedia Sony Memory Stick Sony Memory Stick Pro USB keychain drives xD-Picture Card Microdrive technology Canadian Standards Agency (CSA), Canon USA, Inc., CAO185 audio chips, CAP (carrierless amplitude/phase), capacitive keyswitches, 2nd capacitors, card edge connectors, 2nd card readers, care and maintenance [See also troubleshooting.] 2 1/2" ATA drive cables and adapters CD/DVD drives 2nd CDs/DVDs 2nd cleaning 2nd boards brushes CD/DVD drives CDs chemical-freeze sprays cleaning supply companies compressed air connectors contact cleaners/lubricants contacts disassembly disassembly and cleaning tools erasers keyboard keyboards keyswitches mouse devices 2nd silicone lubricants standard chemical cleaners swabs trackballs vacuum cleaners data transfer cables and adapters floppy disks keyboards cleaning defective cables keyboard disassembly stuck keyswitches keyswitches monitors mouse devices power-protection systems backup power built-in power protection line conditioners phone line surge protectors surge protectors preventative maintenance active/passive cleaning dust hard disk drives heating and cooling Maintenance Wizard operating environment pollutants power cycling power-line noise reseating socketed chips RFI (radio-frequency interference) static electricity system backups tool/supply vendors PS/2 Y adapter safety spare parts System Restore tools 2 1/2" ATA drive cables and adapters analog meters breakout boxes chip extractors chip inserters cleaning materials data transfer cables and adapters DMMs (digital multimeters) 2nd electric screwdrivers 2nd electrical testing equipment English/metric fasteners ESD (electrostatic discharge) protection kits files flashlights hemostats infrared thermometers lithium coin cell batteries logic probes logic pulsers loopback connector markers/pens memory testers needle-nose pliers nut drivers nylon cable-ties outlet/receptacle testers parts grabbers 2nd Phillips-head screws PS/2 Y adapter screwdrivers slotted-head screws spare parts temperature probes thumb screws Torx drivers Torx screws 2nd tweezers USB/FireWire cable adapter vises/clamps Windows 98 2000/XP bootable CD wire cutters wire strippers trackballs USB/FireWire cable adapter carpel tunnel syndrome, carrierless amplitude/phase (CAPs), CAS-2 (column address strobe) timing, cases cover assembly defined desktop form factors mini-tower mounting motherboards in no-tool tower Category 3 cables, Category 5 cables, Category 5e cables, Category 6 cables, Category 7 cables, cathode ray tube monitors [See CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors,.] CATV networks, CAV (constant angular velocity) technology CD-ROMs DVDs CCITT (Comite Consultatif International Telephonique et Telegraphique), CD audio connectors, CD EXTRA discs, CD SPDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface) in/out sound card connectors, CD-DA drives, CD-i players, CD-R discs, bulk on spindle burning buffer underruns DAE (digital audio extraction) "For Music Use Only" discs reliability software tips and recommendations capacity compared to CD-RW conventional surface media copy protection SafeAudio SafeDisc jewel cases media color media layers overburning pre-grooves printable surface media recording speeds spin-coating process unbranded media CD-R drives, 2nd burning CDs buffer underruns DAE (digital audio extraction) "For Music Use Only" discs reliability software tips and recommendations capacity copy protection SafeAudio SafeDisc disc grooves disc media layers mechanical drive operation media color media options multisession recording Disc-at-Once packet writing sessions Track-at-Once recording speeds troubleshooting CD-ROM drives, [See also CD-R drives,; CD-RW drives,.] access times bootable CDs 2nd 3rd booting from floppy disk buffers/cache buying tips care and maintenance CAV (constant angular velocity) technology CD EXTRA CD-DA CD-i CD-ROM XA CLV (constant linear velocity) technology CPU utilization data transfer rates defined DMA (Direct Memory Access) double-density drives drive sealing drivers CDROM.SYS DOS SCSI adapter drivers loading MSCDEX.EXE file systems HFS (Hierarchical File System) High Sierra ISO 9660 Joliet Rock Ridge UDF (Universal Disk Format) firmware updates history of installation 2nd 3rd card edge connectors cautions controllers external drives internal drives jumper settings ribbon cables SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) chains interfaces internal CD-audio connectors internal versus external laser operation loading mechanisms mechanical drive operation multisession recording Photo CD rescue CDs self-cleaning lenses speed summary of formats Super Video CDs troubleshooting disc read failures disc write failures read/write errors slow drive speeds TrueX drives vibration control video CDs Yellow Book standard CD-ROM XA drives, CD-ROMs, bootable CDs 2nd capacity 2nd care and maintenance 2nd CD EXTRA CD-DA CD-i CD-R CD-ROM XA CD-RW copy protection double-density discs EFM data encoding error handing file systems HFS (Hierarchical File System) High Sierra ISO 9660 Joliet Rock Ridge UDF (Universal Disk Format) form factor history of hub clamping area interleaves lands lead-in lead-out mass production multisession recording PCA (power calibration area) Photo CD pits PMA (power memory area) program area reading rescue CDs sampling rates sectors subcode bytes summary of formats Super Video CDs technical parameters tracks video CDs Windows 2000/XP bootable CD Yellow Book standard CD-RW discs, burning buffer underruns DAE (digital audio extraction) "For Music Use Only" discs reliability software tips and recommendations compared to CD-R copy protection SafeAudio SafeDisc direct overwrite media layers Mount Rainier standard MultiRead specification recording speeds CD-RW drives, 2nd 3rd burning CDs buffer underruns DAE (digital audio extraction) "For Music Use Only" discs reliability software tips and recommendations copy protection SafeAudio SafeDisc direct overwrite mechanical drive operation media layers Mount Rainier standard MultiRead specification multisession recording recording speeds troubleshooting CDROM.SYS driver, CDSL (consumer DSL), Celeron processors, 2nd benefits bus widths Celeron D 2nd chipsets Aladdin P4 (M1671) Apollo P4X266 family Apollo P4X400 Apollo P4X400A Apollo P4X533 ATI chipsets I/O controller hub chips ICH5 ICH5R Intel 845 family Intel 848P Intel 850 family Intel 865 family Intel 875P Intel 915 Intel 925X Intel 925XE Intel 945 Express family Intel 955X family Intel 975X family Intel Extreme Graphics Architecture M1681/M1663 M1685 ProSavage P4M266 PT800/PM800/PT880/PM880 PT880 Ultra/PT894/PT894 Pro SiS 649/SiS649FX SiS 661GX/SiS661FX SiS chipset reference table SiS645/645DX SiS648/648FX SiS650/651 SiS655/655FX/655TX SiS656 SiSR658/R659 ULi chipset reference table vendors VIA chipset reference table DIB (Dual Independent Bus) 2nd dynamic execution FC-PGA (flip chip pin grid array) packaging history of iCOMP 2.0 index ratings instruction execution manufacturing Northwood PPGA (plastic pin grid array) package processor variations running 32-bit software SEP (single edge processor) package Socket 370 Celerons Socket 478 Celerons Socket 4T (LGA 775) 78 Celerons Tualatin 2nd Willamette Celerons D processors, 2nd cells, bit, 2nd Centon Electronics, Inc., central hardware test, central processing units (CPUs) [See processors,.] central switch (CS), CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), CFX12V power supply, chains (SCSI), Chaintech's AV-710 sound cards, chassis defined thermally advantaged chassis cooling fans processor ducts specifications chassis air guides [See processor ducts,.] chassis intrusion connectors, checking for viruses, checkpoint codes (POST), Cheetah 36ES drives, Cheetah X15 drives, chemical cleaners, Chemtronics, chip extractors, chip inserters, chip on ceramic (COC) technology, Chips and Technologies, chips, memory [See modules, memory.] chipsets 56Kbps modems 82C206 82C836 SCAT (Single Chip AT) AMD AMD 8000 (8151) AMD-750 2nd AMD-760 2nd AMD-760MP AMD-760MPX reference table AT motherboards ATI A-Link architecture Radeon RD482 RD580 reference table RS480 buying tips costs CS8220 data books documentation history and development hub architecture 2nd Intel 810 810E 810E2 815 815E 815EP 820E 82350 chipset 845 family 848P 850 family 865 family 875P 915 925X 925XE 945 Express family 955X family 975X family Extreme Graphics Architecture ICH5 ICH5R model numbers North Bridge Pentium 4 chipsets Pentium chipsets Pentium II processors 2nd Pentium Pro chipsets RNG (Random Number Generator) South Bridge Super I/O chips workstation chipsets NEAT (New Enhanced AT) CS8221 chipset NVIDIA nForce nForce 410 series nForce 430 series nForce Professional series nForce2 family nForce3 150/nForce3 Pro 150 nForce3 250 family nForce4 series PC/XT motherboards Pentium Pro motherboards SiS (Silicon Integrated Systems) Athlon/Duron chipsets Intel/AMD chipsets MuTIOL architecture 2nd P6-class chipsets Pentium 4 (Socket 775) chipsets Pentium 4 chipsets Pentium D chipsets SiS645/645DX SiS648/648FX SiS649/SiS649FX SiS650/651 SiS655/655FX/655TX SiS656 SiS661GX/SiS661FX SiS730S SiS733 SiS735 SiS740 SiS741/741GX SiS745 SiS746 SiS746FX SiS748 SiS755/755FX SiS756 SiS760/760GX SiS761GL/761GX SiSR658/R659 Super I/O chips ULi Aladdin P4 (M1671) Aladdin Pro 4 Aladdin Pro 5 Aladdin Pro II Aladdin TNT2 Athlon 64 chipsets Athlon XP chipsets M1681/M1663 M1685 Pentium 4 chipsets ULi M1687 ULi M1695 ULiMagik1 variable frequency synthesizer circuits VIA Technologies Apollo KT133 Apollo KT133A Apollo KT266 Apollo KT266A Apollo KT333 Apollo KT400/KM400 Apollo KT400A Apollo KT600 Apollo KT880 Apollo KX133 Apollo P4X266 family Apollo P4X400 Apollo P4X400A Apollo P4X533 Athlon/Duron chipsets K8T800/K8T800 Pro/K8M800 K8T890/K8M890 P6-class chipsets Pentium 4 chipsets ProSavage KM133 ProSavage KM266 ProSavage P4M266 PT800/PM800/PT880/PM880 PT880 Ultra/PT894/PT894 Pro V-Link architecture video adapters 3D chipsets 2nd identifying integrated video/motherboard chipsets video processor technologies chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), CHS (cylinder head sector) addressing 137GB barrier 2.1GB barrier 4.2GB barrier 528MB barrier 8.4GB barrier ATA CHS parameter limits BIOS CHS parameter limits BIOS commands CHS bit-shift translation combined parameter limits compared to LBA (logical block address) converting to LBA (logical block address) LBA-assist translation Standard CHS CIRC (cross-interleave Reed-Solomon code), circuit boards, Cirque Glidepoint pointing device, CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) chips, citrus-based cleaners, clamping force (heatsinks), clamps, clean-room approach, cleaning, [See also care and maintenance.] boards brushes CD/DVD drives CDs chemical-freeze sprays cleaning supply companies compressed air connectors contact cleaners/lubricants contacts disassembly disassembly and cleaning tools erasers keyboard keyboards keyswitches mouse devices 2nd silicone lubricants standard chemical cleaners swabs trackballs vacuum cleaners CleanWeb's Filter Your Internet, Clear All Passwords setting (BIOS Maintenance menu), Clear BiS setting (BIOS Maintenance menu), ClickLock feature (IntelliMouse), client/server networks, clients, 2nd CLKMUL (clock multiplier), clock doubling, clock multiplier (CLKMUL), 2nd AMD-K6 processors Pentium processors clock signals, 2nd clock speed, 2nd 3rd 386DX 486 486DX 486SX 80286 8088 Am5x86(TM)-P75 AMD P-Ratings comparing systems cycles Cyrix 6x86/6x86MX Cyrix P-Ratings Cyrix/TI 486 detecting doubling DX2/OverDrive DX4 iCOMP 2.0 index ratings iCOMP 3.0 index ratings instruction execution times Intel ratings maximum 2nd MHz motherboard speeds overclocking Pentium Pentium 4 SYSmark 2002 ratings Pentium 4 SYSmark 2004 ratings Pentium II Pentium III Pentium Pro Pentium-MMX tripling wait states clock, real-time clock, 2nd modern CMOS batteries obsolete/unique CMOS batteries troubleshooting closed loop feedback mechanism, clusters, 2nd CLV (constant linear velocity) technology CD-ROMs DVDs CMOS batteries modern CMOS batteries obsolute/unique CMOS batteries troubleshooting CMOS battery failed (error message), CMOS checksum error Defaults loaded (error message), CMOS RAM setup accessing additional setup features addresses Advanced menu ATA Configuration menu backing up Boot Configuration menu Boot Device Priority menu Boot menu compared to BIOS diagnostic status codes Event Logging menu Exit menu Extended Configuration menu 2nd Fan Control Configuration menu Floppy Configuration menu main menu Maintenance menu motherboard addresses overclocking/burn-in test features PCI Configuration menu Peripheral Configuration menu PnP Configuration menu Power menu Resource Configuration menu saving Security menu summary of menus USB Configuration menu Video Configuration menu CNet shopping service, CNR (Communications and Networking Riser), 2nd coaxial cables, COC (chip on ceramic) technology, code-free DVD players, codecs, codenames (processors), codes keyboard scan codes POST (power on self test) audio error codes AMI BIOS Award BIOS/Phoenix FirstBIOS IBM BIOS Phoenix BIOS POST (power on self test) checkpoint codes coercivity (floppy disks), collectors (semiconductors), color coding ATX motherboards CD-R discs network cabling power switch connectors USB (universal serial bus) connectors Color Management tab (Display Control Panel), Colossus, 2nd column address strobe (CAS-2) timing, COM ports [See USB (universal serial bus),, ports, Super I/O chips.] combo adapters, Comite Consultatif International Telephonique et Telegraphique (CCITT), commands AT commands ATA (AT Attachment) Identify Drive Read Multiple vendor-specific commands 2nd WD1003 commands Write Multiple disk controller I/O port commands StartBIOS StopBIOS Windows key combinations Common Access Method ATA (CAM ATA), communication ports [See USB (universal serial bus),, ports, Super I/O chips.] communications [See networking.] Communications and Networking Riser (CNR), 2nd compact form factor (CFX12V) power supply, CompactFlash Association, CompactFlash, Compaq ATA [See ATA (AT Attachment),.] compatibility Baby-AT motherboards buses DVD drives FlexATX motherboards MicroATX motherboards pointing devices recordable DVD Sound Blaster Pro sound cards tape drives Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) chips, component video, composite ferrite read/write heads, compressed air, 2nd compression codecs MNP 5 standard sound card data ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) MPEG (Motion Pictures Experts Group) V.42bis standard V.44 standard CompUSA, Inc., CompuServe, Computer Discount Warehouse, computer history [See history of computers,.] Computer Reseller News, Computer Shopper, CONFIG.SYS file DOS boot process mouse drivers configuration [See also installation; system assembly,.] adapter memory ATA (AT Attachment) AUTOEXEC.BAT BIOS [See Setup program (BIOS),.] CD-ROM drives CONFIG.SYS documentation DVD-ROM drives hard disk drives automatic drive detection configuration items controllers manual drive parameters monitor refresh rates multiple monitors networking software parallel ports power supply processor operating voltages speakers system-configuration templates USB ports video adapters Windows keyboard parameters conflicts adapter memory IRQs (interrupt request channels) 2nd ROM BIOS sound cards connectors ATA (AT Attachment) 40-pin 50-pin keying master position card edge connectors 2nd cleaning procedures data cable connectors EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) buses Enhanced 101-key keyboards floppy disk drives 2nd hard disk drives keyboards 2nd motherboards alternative single-row front panel connector pinouts AMR (Audio Modem Riser) AT 2nd ATAPI-style line-in connectors ATX 2nd ATX/ATX12V 1.x ATX12V 2.x 24-pin Baby-AT backward/forward compatibility battery connectors CD audio connectors chassis intrusion connectors CNR (Communications and Networking Riser) Dell proprietary ATX design front panel audio connector pinout front panel IEEE 1394 (FireWire/i.LINK) connector pinout front panel switch/LED connector pinouts infrared data front panel connector pinout installation LED and keylock connectors LPX microprocessor fan power connectors power LED indications power switch connectors speaker connectors telephony connectors Wake on LAN connectors Wake on Ring connectors mouse devices hybrid mouse PS/2 mouse interfaces serial USB (Universal Serial Bus) NICs (network interface cards) PCI Express x16 Graphics Power connectors peripheral power connectors SATA (Serial ATA) 2nd sound card aux in CD SPDIF in/out digital DIN out game port I2S in IEEE-1394 internal CD-audio line-in line-out MIDI mono-in optical SPDIF in/out rear-out SPDIF in/out TAD (Telephone Answering Device) in USB (Universal Serial Bus) port USB (universal serial bus) 2nd Conner Peripherals Inc., constant angular velocity [See CAV (constant angular velocity) technology.] constant linear velocity [See CAV (constant angular velocity) technology.] constant voltage power supply, consumer DSL (CDSL), consumption of power supply, calculating, example floppy disk drives hard disk drives motherboards contact cleaners/lubricants, contact start stop (CSS) design, contacts, cleaning, content scramble system (CSS), continuity tests, contrast (LCD), controllerless modems, controllers ATA (AT Attachment) autoterminating feature cache controllers 2nd 3rd configuration disk controller I/O port commands DualDDR floppy disk drives keyboards 8042 UPI (Universal Peripheral Interface) chips 8255 PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface) chips 8742 UPI (Universal Peripheral Interface) chips Intel 8048 Intel 8049 Motorola 6805 optical drive installation RAID (redundant array of independent disks) ST-506/412 MFM controllers Super I/O chips conventional memory barrier, conventional memory, 2nd conventional surface media (CD-R), converters parallel-to-SCSI converters VGA-to-NTSC converters cooling [See heating/cooling issues.] coppermine, 2nd coprocessors [See math coprocessors.] copy protection CD-ROMs SafeAudio SafeDisc DVD discs APS (analog protection system) CSS (content scramble system) RPC (regional playback control) CopyGuard, copyrights, cordless input devices [See wireless input devices.] cordless mouse, Corel Systems, Inc., cosmic rays, cover assembly (cases), CPU at nnnn (error message), CPU Clock Multiplier setting (BIOS Setup), CPU Frequency setting (BIOS Setup), CPU Hyper-threading setting (BIOS Setup), CPU Internal Cache/External Cache setting (BIOS Setup), CPU Vcore Setting setting (BIOS Setup), CPUInfo, CPUs (central processing units) [See processors,.] crashes, head, Cray, Seymour, CRC (cyclical redundancy checking), CRC sector data, Creative Labs CA0102 (Audigy 2) audio chips CA0102-ICT (Audigy 2 ZS) audio chips contact information EAX (Environmental Audio Extensions) EMU-8000 audio chips EMU10K1 audio chips EMU10K2 (Audigy) audio chips Ensoniq ES137x series sound cards Sound Blaster history of Sound Blaster Audigy Sound Blaster Pro Sound Blaster X-Fi Elite Pro 2nd Vibra-16 sound cards cross-interleave Reed-Solomon code (CIRC), CrossFire, crossover cables, crossover UTP (unshielded twisted-pair) cables, CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors, compared to LCD curved picture tubes dot pitch 2nd electron guns FST (flat square tube) designs horizontal scan rates interfaces multiple-frequency monitors persistence phosphor triads raster refresh rates scanning frequency screen phosphors shadow masks 2nd slotted masks stripe pitch Crucial Technolgies, crystals, quartz, CS (cable select), CS (central switch), CS8220 chipsets, CS8221 chipsets, CSA (Canadian Standards Agency), CSEL (cable select) signals, CSS (contact start stop) design, CSS (content scramble system), curved picture tubes, custom PROM (programmable ROM) programming, Customizer 101 keyboards, Customizer 104 keyboards, Cyberlink's PowerDVD5.x, cycle times, 2nd cyclical redundancy checking (CRC), cycling power, cylinder head sector addressing [See CHS (cylinder head sector) addressing.] CYLINDER NUMBER sector data, cylinders, 2nd 3rd Cyrix 486 processors 6x86/6x86MX processors Cyrix III (C3) integrated video/motherboard chipsets P-Ratings processor codenames |
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