Upgrading and Repairing PCs (17th Edition)
Index[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] M1533 South Bridge chips, M1535D South Bridge chips, M1535D+ South Bridge chips, M1543 South Bridge chips, M1543C South Bridge chips, M1647 chips, M1671 chipsets, M1681/M1663 chipsets, M1685 chipsets, M1687 chipsets, Macintosh [See Apple.] Macrovision CopyGuard SafeAudio SafeDisc MAG InnoVision, magnetic disk media, magnetic fields flux 2nd risks to floppy disks magnetic flux, magnetic shielding, magnetic storage, [See also drives; optical storage,.] areal density defined increasing pixie dust technology superparamagnetic effect Bernoulli drives bit cells (transition cells) 2nd capacity measurements compared to magneto-optical drives disk/tape material electromagnetism encoding schemes 2nd ARLL (Advanced Run Length Limited) clock signals comparison of endecs FM (Frequency Modulation) MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation) 2nd RLL (Run Length Limited) 2nd timing flux 2nd head sliders high-capacity magnetic storage devices Iomega REV drives Zip drives history of magnetic fields magneto-optical drives Microdrive technology PMR (perpendicular magnetic recording) 2nd PRML (Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood) read process read/write heads AMR (anistropic magneto-resistant) ferrite GMR (giant magneto-resistive) MIG (Metal-In-Gap) MR (magneto-resistive) TF (thin film) tape drives 2nd ADR (advanced digital recording) advantages of AIT (advanced intelligent tape) 2nd alternatives to backup software capacity choosing comparison of costs DAT (digital audio tape) 2nd data throughput disadvantages of disaster recovery DLT (digital linear tape) installation LTO (Linear Tape-Open) QIC QIC-Wide SLR drives software compatibility summary of standards tape compatibility tape retensioning Travan troubleshooting VXA drives 2nd write process magneto-optical drives, [See also optical storage,.] magneto-resistive (MR) read/write heads, main boards [See motherboards,.] main memory [See RAM (random access memory),.] main menu (BIOS Setup), maintenance [See care and maintenance.] Maintenance menu (BIOS Setup), Maintenance Wizard, Make codes, managed hubs, manual drive parameters, manufacturer-supplied diagnostic software, manufacturing CD-ROM discs manufacturing tests processors .09 micron manufacturing .13 micron manufacturing bonding Celeron processors coppermine dies doping metallization layers overclocking protection photolithography processor fakes processor remarking silicon silicon on insulator (SOI) steppers test process wafers 2nd yields mapping displacement mapping environment-based bump mapping MIP mapping texture mapping Mask ROM (read-only memory), maskable interrupts, masks, mass-producting CD-ROMs, master boot record (MBR), master drives, Master Photo CD discs, master position, master separation, math coprocessors 486 processors 486DX processors 487SX 80287 80387 8087 instruction sets optional Pentium processors 2nd specifications speeds matrix math extensions (MMX), Matrox Graphics 3D chipsets contact information DualHead2Go multiple-head video chipsets Mauchly, John W., 2nd Maxell Corporation, maximum cache, maximum load current, maximum safe speed, 2nd maximum trap, Maxtor/Quantum cards contact information DiamondMax D540X-4G120J6 low-level formatting software website MBR (master boot record), MCA (microchannel architecture) buses, 2nd McAfee.com, MCH (Memory Controller Hub), 2nd McKinley, MCM (multichip module), MCPs (media and communications processors), mean time between failures (MTBF), 2nd mean time to failure (MTTF), measuring voltage, mechanical calculators, mechanical keyswitches capacitive foam element membrane pure mechanical rubber dome stuck keyswitches media and communications processors (MCPs), media-density-selector hole, Megahertz (MHz), 2nd membrane keyswitches, MemCor, memory buses, Memory Controller Hub (MCH), 2nd Memory Hole at 15M-16M setting (BIOS Setup), Memory In Cassette (MIC) chips, memory management unit (MMU), Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick, Memory Test (error message), Memory test fail (error message), memory testers, Memory Translator Hub (MTH), memory, random access (RAM), [See also ROM BIOS (basic input/output system),.] 286 processors 386 processors 386SX processors 486DX processors 8088/8086 processors adapter memory configuration ATX motherboards banks 2nd BEDO RAM (burst extended data out RAM) buffers buffer underruns buffered modules buying tips cache 2nd access times asynchronous design bus snooping cache controllers CD/DVD drives compared to DRAM controllers defined 2nd direct-mapped cache four-way set associative cache fully associative mapped cache hard disk drive cache controllers hit ratio Level 1 cache 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Level 2 cache 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Level 3 cache 2nd maximum cache nonblocking cache Pentium-MMX improvements pipeline burst mode set associative cache speed synchronous design TLB (translation lookaside buffer) write-back cache write-through cache CMOS RAM accessing additional setup features addresses Advanced menu ATA Configuration menu backing up Boot Configuration menu Boot Device Priority menu Boot menu compared to BIOS diagnostic status codes Event Logging menu Exit menu Extended Configuration menu 2nd Fan Control Configuration menu Floppy Configuration menu main menu Maintenance menu motherboard CMOS RAM addresses overclocking/burn-in test features PCI Configuration menu Peripheral Configuration menu PnP Configuration menu Power menu Resource Configuration menu saving Security menu summary of menus USB Configuration menu Video Configuration menu compared to ROM (read-only memory)s compared to storage conventional memory barrier cost DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) 2nd DDR2 SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) defined 2nd DIMMs (dual inline memory modules) 2nd 168-pin DIMM pinouts 184-pin DIMM pinouts 240-pin DDR2 DIMM pinouts buffered buying tips illustration installation memory banks SPD (serial presence detect) unbuffered width DIP (dual inline package) chips DMA (Direct Memory Access) channels 16-bit ISA 8-bit ISA CD/DVD drives DRAM (dynamic RAM) compared to SRAM DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) DDR2 SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) FPO DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) refresh rates SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) soft errors transistor/capacitor pairs dual-channel memory EDO RAM (extended data out RAM) flash memory 2nd CompactFlash comparison of MMC (MultiMediaCard) PC Card physical size reading SD (SecureDigital) SmartMedia Sony Memory Stick Sony Memory Stick Pro USB keychain drives xD-Picture Card FPO DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM) hard fails HMA (high memory area) identifying module type size, and speed installation intelligent memory management logical mapping logical memory layout 2nd conventional memory UMA (Upper Memory Area) XMS (Extended Memory Specification) maximum installable memory memory buses MMU (memory management unit) narrow-channel systems parity checking chipset support disabling fake parity modules NMIs (nonmaskable interrupts) odd parity parity bits parity-check messages RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) even cycles module types and bandwith odd cycles patents power savings registered modules RIMMs (Rambus inline memory modules) 2nd buying tips installation pinouts RTC/NVRAM (real-time clock/nonvolatile memory) 2nd modern CMOS batteries obsolute/unique CMOS batteries troubleshooting SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) shared memory SIMMs (single inline memory modules) buying tips illustration installation 2nd memory banks pinouts presence detect pin configurations width soft errors alpha particles cosmic rays ECC (error correcting code) fault tolerance heat buildup incorrect memory types line noise parity checking power glitches radio frequency interference static discharge timing glitches speed clock speeds cycle times interleaving latency memory bus bandwidth MHz (megahertz) module speeds nanoseconds processor bus bandwidth SRAM (static RAM) total installed memory total usable memory troubleshooting 2nd diagnostics utilities divide errors fatal exception errors general faults global protection faults memory defect isolation module testers parity errors step-by-step procedures write-back cache Ultra-DMA UMA (upper memory area) unbuffered modules upgrading dual-channel memory higher-capacity modules upgrade options and strategies VGA (video graphics array) memory video RAM 2nd DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) DDR-II SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) dynamic video memory GDDR-3 SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) minimum requirements RAM calculations SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) SGRAM (synchronous graphics RAM) speed video bus width volatile storage wide-channel systems memory, read-only (ROM BIOS), 2nd [See also POST (power on self test),.] adapter cards AMD-K6 processors AMI backing up boot ROM bootstrap loader burning buying tips CMOS RAM setup accessing additional setup features Advanced menu ATA Configuration menu backing up Boot Configuration menu Boot Device Priority menu Boot menu Event Logging menu Exit menu Extended Configuration menu 2nd Fan Control Configuration menu Floppy Configuration menu main menu Maintenance menu overclocking/burn-in test features PCI Configuration menu Peripheral Configuration menu PnP Configuration menu Power menu Resource Configuration menu saving Security menu USB Configuration menu Video Configuration menu compared to CMOS RAM compared to RAM dates defined 2nd drive capacity limitations drivers EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable ROM) flash ROM recovery upgrading EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) error messages DISK BOOT FAILURE Invalid partition table Missing operating system No boot device available No boot sector on fixed disk NO ROM BASIC SYSTEM HALTED Non-System disk or disk error firmware flash ROM 2nd hard disk capacity limitations host adapter BIOS ID strings AMI Hi-Flex BIOS AMI Hi-Flex BIOS String 2 AMI Hi-Flex BIOS String 3 older AMI BIOS versions viewing IML (Initial Microcode Load) IPL (initial program load) ROM 2nd logical memory layout manufacturers AMI (American Megatrends, Inc.) Award Software MR (Microid Research) OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) Phoenix Mask ROM memory conflicts motherboard BIOS 2nd non-PC ROM upgrades passwords PnP (Plug and Play) 2nd preboot environment PROM (programmable ROM) replacing ROM chip part numbers ROM hardware ROM shadowing 2nd RTC/NVRAM (real-time clock/nonvolatile memory) chips SATA (Serial ATA) setup Setup program accessing additional setup features Advanced menu ATA Configuration menu ATA RAID Controller feature Boot Configuration menu Boot Device Priority menu Boot menu Boot Up Floppy Seek feature Boot Up System Speed feature CPU Clock Multiplier feature CPU Frequency feature CPU Hyper-threading feature CPU Internal Cache/External Cache feature CPU Vcore Setting feature Event Logging menu Exit menu Extended Configuration menu 2nd Fan Control Configuration menu Floppy Configuration menu Gate A20 Option feature HDD S.M.A.R.T. Capability feature IEEE-1394a Port feature main menu Maintenance menu numeric keypads Operating Frequency feature overclocking/burn-in test features PC Health feature PCI Configuration menu Peripheral Configuration menu PnP Configuration menu Power menu PS/2 Mouse Function Control feature Quick Power On Self Test feature Report No FDD For WIN 95 feature Resource Configuration menu ROM Shadowing feature running 2nd Security menu Security Option feature Serial ATA Controller feature summary of menus Swap Floppy Drive feature Typematic Delay feature Typematic Rate feature Typematic Rate Setting feature USB Configuration menu Video Configuration menu Virus Warning feature The BIOS Companion updates upgrading advantages of chip replacements CMOS RAM addresses CMOS RAM backups CMOS RAM diagnostic status codes flash ROM recovery flash ROM upgrades IML (Initial Microcode Load) keyboard-controller chips obtaining updates prerequisites version information Y2K issues version, determining video BIOS 2nd Y2K issues Merced processors (Itanium), 2nd 3rd merge bits, merged MR (magneto-resistive) heads, metal detectors, risks to floppy disks, Metal-In-Gap (MIG) read/write heads, metal-oxide varistors (MOV), metalization CD-ROMs processors Metcalfe, Robert, metric fasteners, mezzanine buses [See PCI (Peripheral Connect Interface) buses,.] MFM (Modified Frequency Modulation), 2nd MHz (megahertz), 2nd 3rd MIC (Memory In Cassette) chips, Micral computers, Micro 2000 Micro-Scope, Micro Firmware, Inc., micro-AT motherboards, Micro-Scope, MicroATX motherboards compared to ATX motherboards compatibility dimensions specification microchannel architecture (MCA) buses, microcode, reprogrammable, Microdrive, 2nd 3rd 4th microfilters, Microid Research (MR), Microm Network Protocol (MNP), 2nd Micron PC, LLC, Micron Technologies, microphones, microprocessors [See processors,.] MicroScope, Microsoft, 2nd MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) connectors history of in/out sound card connectors sound card support MIG (Metal-In-Gap) read/write heads, migrating hard disk drives MS-DOS Windows 9x/Me MII (Cyrix 6x86/6x86MX) processors, Mini-A/B connectors, mini-AT motherboards, Mini-ITX motherboards, mini-LPX motherboards, connectors dimensions expansion slots identifying LPX-compatible products riser cards upgrading mini-towercases, mini-Winchester sliders, MiniATX motherboards, minimum load current, minimum trap, MIP mapping, mirroring disks, misses (cache), Missing operating system (error message), 2nd MITS Altair kit, Mitsubishi contact information DiamondTron picture tubes MMC (MultiMediaCard), MMU (memory management unit), MMX (multimedia extensions), Cyrix 6x86/6x86MX Pentium II processors MNP (Microm Network Protocol), 2nd MO drives [See magneto-optical drives,.] mobile computing keyboards processors 386SL 486SL Pentium II processors Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Mobile Module, modding [See heating/cooling issues; overclocking,.] Mode setting (BIOS Peripheral Configuration menu), Model 1 steppings, Model 5100 model numbers (Intel), Modem-on-Hold feature, modems, broadband [See also modems, dial-up,.] advantages cable modems asymmetrical networks bandwidth bundled cable modems CableLabs Certified cable modems CATV networks connecting to Internet with costs DOCSIS standards external internal performance security comparison of access types 2nd convenience cost DirecWAY DSL (digital subscriber line) ADSL (asymmetric DSL) advantages availability CAP (carrierless amplitude/phase) CDSL (consumer DSL) costs DMT (discrete multitone) DSLAM (DSL access multiplier) DSLReports.com website G.Lite low-pass filters microfilters modems SDSL (symmetrical DSL) security service providers splitters technical problems telephone line issues transceivers type comparison xDSL ease of reconnection filtering services fixed-base wireless broadband ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) BRI (basic rate interface) costs kilobytes multiple call signaling PRI (primary rate interface) TAs (terminal adapters) wire feet ISPs (Internet service providers) leased lines choosing defined PoP (point of presence) T-1 connections T-3 connections satellite performance service interruptions signal lights speed 2nd StarBand TCP/IP settings telephone line usage modems, dial-up, [See also modems, dial-up,.] 56Kbps modems chipsets limitations Modem-on-Hold feature PCM Upstream feature performance optimization QuickConnect speed V.44 standard V.90 standard V.92 standard AT commands baud rates bit rates call-waiting support data bits data-compression standards MNP 5 standard V.42bis standard V.44 standard error-correction protocols external fax modems gaming-optimized modems internal modulation standards parity PCI (Peripheral Connect Interface) buses proprietary standards recommendations standards organizations start-stop communications stop bits support for telephone company upgrades troubleshooting computer lockups dial-up problems modem sounds undetected external modems upgrading USB (Universal Serial Bus) connections voice support WinModems Modemsite, modes IA-32 mode IA-32e 64-bit extension mode PIO (Programmed I/O) modes protected 486DX processors 80286 processors 80386 processors real mode 2nd 486DX processors 80286 processors UDMA (Ultra-DMA) transfer modes Mode 2 Mode 4 Mode 5 virtual real 486DX processors 80386 processors IA-32 virtual real mode modifications [See heating/cooling issues; overclocking,.] Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) encoding, Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM), modulation standards, modulator/demodulators [See analog modems; digital multimeters (DMMs),.] modules, memory ATX motherboards buffered modules buying tips DIMMs (dual inline memory modules) 168-pin DIMM pinouts 184-pin DIMM pinouts 240-pin DDR2 DIMM pinouts buffered buying tips illustration SPD (serial presence detect) unbuffered DIP (dual inline package) chips double-sided dual-channel memory hard fails identifying module type size, and speed installation maximum installable memory memory banks 2nd parity checking chipset support disabling fake parity modules NMIs (nonmaskable interrupts) odd parity parity bits parity-check messages registered modules RIMMs (Rambus inline memory modules) buying tips installation pinouts SIMMs (single inline memory modules) buying tips illustration installation memory banks pinouts presence detect pin configurations single-sided soft errors alpha particles cosmic rays ECC (error correcting code) fault tolerance heat buildup incorrect memory types line noise parity checking power glitches radio frequency interference static discharge timing glitches speed 2nd total installed memory total usable memory troubleshooting diagnostics utilities divide errors fatal exception errors general faults global protection faults memory defect isolation module testers parity errors step-by-step procedures write-back cache unbuffered modules upgrading dual-channel memory higher-capacity modules upgrade options and strategies Molex Mini-Fit Jr. power connectors, monitors buying tips brightness and contrast digital controls dot pitch emissions frequencies interlaced/noninterlaced power management refresh rates resolution size stripe pitch care and maintenance compared to television signals CRT (cathode ray tube) compared to LCD curved picture tubes dot pitch 2nd electron guns FST (flat square tube) designs horizontal scan rates interfaces multiple-frequency monitors persistence phosphor triads raster refresh rates scanning frequency screen phosphors shadow masks 2nd slotted masks stripe pitch digital controls DLP projectors emissions frequencies horizontal frequencies vertical scan frequencies LCD (liquid crystal display) advantages of brightness and contrast buying tips compared to CRT costs dead pixels DFP (Digital Flat Panel) disadvantages of display connections flat-panel interlaced/noninterlaced monochrome passive-matrix polarizing filters projectors resolution subpixels wide-screen multiple monitors configuring DualView enabling integrated graphics multiple-head video chipsets online resources primary displays secondary displays plasma displays power management ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) APM (Advanced Power Management) DPMS (Display Power-Management Signaling) Energy 2000 standard Energy Star standard refresh rates comparison of defined flicker-free refresh rates minimum recommendations setting resolution screen flicker screen phosphors size 2nd testing 2nd troubleshooting 2nd video adapter types mono-in sound card connectors, monochrome LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors, monophonic sound cards, Moore, Gordon, 2nd Moore's Law, Morris, Robert, MOS Technologies 6502 processors, Motherboard Homeworld's Mobot search engine, motherboards, 2nd [See also BIOS (basic input/output system),; buses,; chipsets; power supply.] AT 2nd ATX color coding compared to Baby-AT and LPX compared to MicroATX motherboards connector panel connectors cooling features identifying manufacturing costs memory location ports power supply 2nd 3rd processor location riser card AX4B-533 Tube Baby-AT 2nd backplane systems active passive BTX buying tips CMOS RAM addresses connectors alternative single-row front panel connector pinouts AMR (Audio Modem Riser) AT ATAPI-style line-in connectors ATX main power connectors ATX/ATX12V 1.x ATX12V 2.x 24-pin backward/forward compatibility battery connectors CD audio connectors chassis intrusion connectors CNR (Communications and Networking Riser) Dell proprietary ATX design front panel audio connector pinout front panel IEEE 1394 (FireWire/i.LINK) connector pinout front panel switch/LED connector pinouts infrared data front panel connector pinout LED and keylock connectors microprocessor fan power connectors power LED indications power switch connectors speaker connectors telephony connectors Wake on LAN connectors Wake on Ring connectors defined Desktop Form Factors website "disposable" PCs documentation extended-ATX FlexATX integrated adapters Intel-compatible AMD-K5 support AMD-K6 support ITX jumpers LPX connectors dimensions expansion slots identifying LPX-compatible products power supply power supply connectors riser cards upgrading MicroATX compared to ATX motherboards compatibility dimensions specification Mini-ITX MiniATX mounting in case Nano-ITX NLX advantages identifying length of riser cards system layout PnP (Plug and Play) ports power consumption PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface) chips processor sockets/slots 2nd proprietary designs PS/2 mouse interfaces resource conflicts Device Manager multiple-COM-port adapters NICs (network interface cards) PnP (Plug and Play) preventing resolving manually SCSI adapter boards sound cards system-configuration templates USB (Universal Serial Bus) video software speed AMD P-Ratings Cyrix P-Ratings memory bus bandwidth processor bus bandwidth processor comparisons processor overclocking setting summary of form factors Super I/O chips troubleshooting 2nd UPI (Universal Peripheral Interface) voltage regulators WTX XT Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG), 2nd Motorola keyboard controllers, motors spindle motors 2nd stepper motors 2nd Mount Rainier standard, 2nd mounting motherboards, mouse devices ball-driven mouse buttons buying tips cables cleaning 2nd components connectors cordless defined device drivers Ergonomic Mouse history of hybrid mouse IntelliMouse Explorer manufacturers optical mouse opto-mechanical mechanism PS/2 mouse interfaces scroll wheels Scrollpoint Pro serial interfaces troubleshootin cleaning drivers interrupt conflicts USB (Universal Serial Bus) wireless Bluetooth IR (infrared) performance issues proprietary radio frequency troubleshooting movies [See multimedia.] MOVs (metal-oxide varistors), MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group), 2nd 3rd MPR I emissions standard, MPR II emissions standard, MPS 1.1 (Multiprocessor Specification), MR (magneto-resistive) read/write heads, MR (Microid Research), MRH-R (memory repeater hub, RDRAM-based), MRH-S (memory repeater hub, SDRAM-based), MS-DOS [See DOS protected mode interface (DPMI),.] MSAUs (multistation access units), MSCDEX.EXE driver, MSD (Microsoft Diagnostics) mouse conflicts USB ports MSDOS.SYS file, MSI Computer Corp., MTBF (mean time between failures), 2nd MTH (Memory Translator Hub), MTTF (mean time to failure), multi-I/O cards, multichip module (MCM), multidomain vertical alignment (MVA), multifrequency monitors, multimedia [See also DVDs; video adapters,.] 3D graphics 3D chipsets 2nd animation antialiasing bilinear filtering depth cueing DirectX 6.0-9.0 displacement mapping dual-GPU scene rendering environment-based bump mapping flat shading floating-point calculations fogging Gouraud shading hardware/software acceleration history of image abstractions image rendering 2nd keyframe interpolation MIP mapping perspective correction primitives scan conversion shading software optimization stencil buffering T&L (transform and lighting) T-buffers texture mapping textures trilinear filtering vertex skinning vertices visible surface determination Z-buffering history of MMX (multimedia extensions) Multimedia CD multimedia extensions (MMX) MultiMediaCard SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) Multimedia CD, multimedia extensions (MMX), MultiMediaCard, multimeters, 2nd MultiPlay standard, multiple branch prediction, 2nd multiple call signaling, multiple monitors configuring DualView enabling integrated graphics multiple-head video chipsets online resources primary displays secondary displays multiple motherboard power connectors, multiple-COM-port adapters, multiple-frequency monitors, multiple-head video chipsets, multiprocessing, Multiprocessor Specification (MPS) 1.1, MultiRead specification, 2nd MultiRead2 specification, multiscan monitors, multisession Photo CD, multisession recording, multistation access units (MSAUs), multisync monitors, multitasking, multiword DMA (direct memory access), music [See audio,.] Musical Instrument Digital Interface [See MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface).] MuTIOL architecture, 2nd MVA (multidomain vertical alignment), Mylar, |
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