Upgrading and Repairing PCs (17th Edition)
Index[SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] P-CHS parameters, P-Ratings (Performance Ratings) AMD processors Cyrix processors p-Si (low-temperature polysilicon), P-Type semiconductors, P4 connectors, P4M266 chipsets, P4X266 chipsets, P4X400 chipsets, P4X400A chipsets, P4X533 chipsets, P5 (586) processors, address bus width addressable memory BiCMOS BTB (branch target buffer) cache DIMM width first-generation instruction processing math coprocessor 2nd OverDrive Processors packaging Pentium-compatible AMD-K6 2nd Cyrix 6x86/6x86MX NexGen Nx586 Pentium-MMX 2nd power management bugs second-generation SIMM width specifications steppings superscalar architecture twin data pipelines voltage 2nd P6 (686) processors bus widths Celeron 2nd benefits Celeron D DIB (dual independent bus) architecture 2nd dynamic execution FC-PGA (flip chip pin grid array) package history of instruction execution manufacturing Northwood PPGA (plastic pin grid array) package processor variations running 32-bit software SEP (single edge processor) package Socket 370 Celerons Socket 478 Celerons socket T (LGA775) Celerons Tualatin Willamette Pentium II processors 2nd cache chipsets 2nd DIB (dual independent bus) architecture 2nd 3rd die sizes dynamic execution 2nd 3rd heating/cooling issues iCOMP 2.0 index ratings 2nd iCOMP 3.0 index ratings installation instruction execution Level 1 cache Level 2 cache maximum installable memory MMX technology Mobile Module multiprocessing power usage processor ID information 2nd running 32-bit software SEC (single edge contact) packaging 2nd SEP (single edge processor) packaging socket specifications specifications speeds transistors voltage ID definitions Pentium II/III Xeon processors Pentium III processors architectural features chipsets 2nd DIB (dual independent bus) architecture 2nd dynamic execution iCOMP 3.0 index ratings ID markings instruction execution Level 2 cache maximum installable memory overclocking running 32-bit software SEC (single edge contact) packaging SECC2 (single edge contact cartridge 2) packaging 2nd SEP (single edge processor) packaging socket specifications SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) variations Pentium Pro processors cache chipsets 2nd DIB (dual independent bus) architecture 2nd Dual Cavity PGA packaging dynamic execution 2nd iCOMP 2.0 index ratings instruction execution integrated L2 cache maximum installable memory MCM (multichip module) running 32-bit software socket specifications specifications speeds SPGA (staggered pin grid array) packaging transistors VID (voltage identification) pins Pentium-compatible [See also Athlon processors,; Duron processors.] AMD-K6 2nd Cyrix 6x86/6x86MX NexGen Nx586 Sempron (Socket A) VIA C3 P64H (PCI controller hub), P7 processors, 2nd 3rd P8 power supply connectors, P9 power supply connectors, PAC (PCI/AGP Controller) [See North Bridge chipsets,.] packets, 2nd paddle boards, PAE (physical address extension), Page Mode memory, pairing data pipelines, PAL (Phase Alternate Line), Palette Snooping setting (BIOS), Parallel ATA (PATA), 2nd parallel crossover cables, parallel null modem cables, Parallel port setting (BIOS), parallel ports, bidirectional parallel ports configuration DCC (Direct Cable Connection) ECP (Enhanced Capabilities Port) EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) file transfers IEEE 1284 standard linking systems with parallel-to-SCSI converters pinouts standard parallel ports Super I/O chips testing upgrading parallel track path (PTP), parallel-to-SCSI converters, parameter limitations (CHS), parameter translation [See translation.] PARD (Periodic and Random Deviation), parity block data with dial-up modems errors parity bits parity checking chipset support disabling fake parity modules NMIs (nonmaskable interrupts) odd parity parity bits parity-check messages PI (parity inner) bytes PO (parity outer) bytes striping with parity inner (PI) bytes, parity outer (PO) bytes, parity-check messages, Parkinson, Cyril Northcote, Parkinson's Law, part numbers (ROM), EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable ROM) EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) PROM (programmable ROM) Partial CAV (constant angular velocity), Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood (PRML), Partition Commander, partitioning hard disk drives, 2nd advantages of aftermarket utilities Disk Management FAT (file allocation table) FAT32 (file allocation table, 32-bit) FDISK drive letter assignments FAT32 volumes large hard disk support limitations NTFS (Windows NT File System) PartitionMagic, parts grabbers, 2nd Pascal, Blaise, 2nd Pascaline digital adding machine, passive backplane systems, passive heatsinks, 2nd passive PFC (power factor correction), passive preventative maintenance, dust heating and cooling operating environment pollutants power cycling power-line noise RFI (radio-frequency interference) static electricity Passive Release setting (BIOS), passive-matrix LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors, passwords BIOS Setup bypassing PATA (Parallel ATA), 2nd patents, PC 2001 System Design Guide, PC Card, PC design guides, PC Health setting (BIOS), PC Power and Cooling, Inc. 425W power supply contact information power supplies PC System Design Guides, PC/XT-class (extended PC) systems, bus designs compared to AT-class systems expansion slots power supply PC133 memory, 2nd PC99 Design Guide website, PCA (power calibration area), PCI (Peripheral Connect Interface) buses, 2nd adapter cards APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller) bandwidth BIOS PCI Configuration menu board configurations bus types interrupts modems PCI-Express 2nd 3rd 4th PCI-X buses specifications PCI Configuration menu (BIOS), PCI-Express, 2nd 3rd 4th PCI-X buses, PCKeyboard.com, PCM Upstream, PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association), PDP-8 computer, peak inrush currents, peer-to-peer networks, Pentium 4 processors, chipsets Aladdin P4 (M1671) Apollo P4X266 family Apollo P4X400 Apollo P4X400A Apollo P4X533 ATI chipsets I/O controller hub chips for Pentium 4 chipsets ICH5 ICH5R Intel 845 family Intel 848P Intel 850 family Intel 865 family Intel 875P Intel 915 Intel 925X Intel 925XE Intel 945 Express family Intel 955X family Intel 975X family Intel Extreme Graphics Architecture M1681/M1663 M1685 ProSavage P4M266 PT800/PM800/PT880/PM880 PT880 Ultra/PT894/PT894 Pro SiS 649/SiS649FX SiS 661GX/SiS661FX SiS chipset reference table SiS645/645DX SiS648/648FX SiS650/651 SiS655/655FX/655TX SiS656 SiSR658/R659 ULi chipsets vendors VIA chipsets heatsinks maximum installable memory memory requirements Pentium 4 (Socket 775) processors Pentium 4 Extreme Edition Pentium 4 Prescott Pentium 4 SYSmark 2002 ratings Pentium 4 SYSmark 2004 ratings power supply issues specifications 2nd steppings 2nd 3rd Pentium D processors, 2nd 3rd Pentium Extreme Edition processors, Pentium II processors, 2nd cache chipsets 2nd Aladdin Pro 4 Aladdin Pro 5 Aladdin Pro II Aladdin TNT2 Intel 810 Intel 810E Intel 810E2 Intel 815 Intel 815E Intel 815EP Intel 820 Intel 820E Intel 840 reference table SiS chipsets VIA chipsets DIB (dual independent bus) architecture 2nd 3rd die sizes dynamic execution 2nd 3rd heating/cooling issues iCOMP 2.0 index ratings 2nd iCOMP 3.0 index ratings installation instruction execution Level 1 cache Level 2 cache maximum installable memory MMX technology Mobile Module multiprocessing power usage processor ID information 2nd running 32-bit software SEC (single edge contact) packaging 2nd SEP (single edge processor) packaging socket specifications specifications speeds transistors voltage ID definitions Pentium II/III Xeon processors, Pentium III processors, architectural features chipsets 2nd Aladdin Pro 4 Aladdin Pro 5 Aladdin Pro II Aladdin TNT2 Intel 810 Intel 810E Intel 810E2 Intel 815 Intel 815E Intel 815EP Intel 820 Intel 820E Intel 840 reference table SiS chipsets VIA chipsets DIB (dual independent bus) architecture 2nd dynamic execution iCOMP 3.0 index ratings ID markings instruction execution Level 2 cache maximum installable memory overclocking running 32-bit software SEC (single edge contact) packaging SECC2 (single edge contact cartridge 2) packaging 2nd SEP (single edge processor) packaging socket specifications SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) variations Pentium Overdrive processors, 2nd Pentium Pro processors, cache chipsets Aladdin Pro 4 Aladdin Pro 5 Aladdin Pro II Aladdin TNT2 Intel 810 Intel 810E Intel 810E2 Intel 815 Intel 815E Intel 815EP Intel 820 Intel 820E Intel 840 reference table 2nd SiS chipsets VIA chipsets DIB (dual independent bus) architecture 2nd Dual Cavity PGA packaging dynamic execution 2nd iCOMP 2.0 index ratings instruction execution integrated L2 cache maximum installable memory MCM (multichip module) running 32-bit software socket specifications specifications speeds SPGA (staggered pin grid array) packaging transistors VID (voltage identification) pins Pentium processors, [See also Pentium II processors,; Pentium II/III Xeon processors,; Pentium 4 processors,; Pentium-MMX processors,; Pentium Pro processors,.] address bus width addressable memory BiCMOS BTB (branch target buffer) bus widths cache chipsets DIMM width first-generation iCOMP 2.0 index ratings instruction processing math coprocessors 2nd maximum installable memory MMX (multimedia extensions) OverDrive processors 2nd packaging power management bugs second-generation SIMM width socket specifications specifications SPGA (staggered pin grid array) packaging SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) steppings superscalar architecture twin data pipelines voltages 2nd Pentium-compatible processors [See also Athlon processors,; Duron processors.] AMD-K6 3DNow! technology BIOS support future developments motherboard compatibility multiplier settings specifications technical features voltage Cyrix 6x86/6x86MX NexGen Nx586 Sempron (Socket A) VIA C3 Pentium-MMX processors, clock speeds iCOMP 2.0 index ratings SIMD steppings voltages 2nd performance optimization [See also heating/cooling issues.] 56Kbps modems ATA (AT Attachment) cable modems CATV networks CD/DVD drive standards and specifications access times buffers/cache CPU utilization data transfer rates DMA (Direct Memory Access) hard disk drives access times average seek times cache controllers cache programs interleave latency reliability transfer rates memory clock speeds cycle times DDR SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) DDR2 SDRAM (double data rate SDRAM) interleaving latency memory bus bandwidth MHz (megahertz) module speeds nanoseconds processor bus bandwidth RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) overclocking bus speeds and multipliers defined history of modern PC clocks overclocking tips quartz crystals software wireless input devices Performance Ratings [See P-Ratings (Performance Ratings).] Performance tab (Display Control Panel), Periodic and Random Deviation (PARD), Peripheral Configuration menu (BIOS), Peripheral Connect Interface buses [See PCI (Peripheral Connect Interface) buses,.] peripheral diagnostics software, peripheral power connectors, peripherals [See input devices.] perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR), 2nd persistence, Personal Computer (IBM), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association, perspective correction, PFA (Predictive Failure Analysis), PFC (power factor correction), PGA (pin grid array), PGA-370 sockets, 2nd phantom directories, Phase Alternate Line (PAL), phase-change material, phase-shift keying (PSK), Philips Electronics CD-ROM design and development contact information sound cards Phillips-head screws, Phoenix Technologies, FirstBIOS POST (power on self test) error codes POST (power on self test) onscreen messages ROM BIOS Phoenix BIOS 5.x and earlier Phoenix BIOS 6.x and later website phone line surge protectors, phosphor triads, Photo CD discs, photolithography, photoresist coating, physical address extension (PAE), physical formatting [See low-level formatting,.] physical installation [See installation.] PI (parity inner) bytes, piezoelectricity, pin grid array (PGA), pinouts 8-bit ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) buses ATA (AT Attachment) 40-pin connectors 50-pin connectors DIMMs (dual inline memory modules) 168-pin DIMMs 184-pin DIMMs 240-pin DDR2 DIMMs SPD (serial presence detect) EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) buses floppy disk drive connectors interrupt assignments motherboard connectors alternative single-row front panel connector pinouts ATAPI-style line-in connectors battery connectors CD audio connectors chassis intrusion connectors front panel audio connector pinouts front panel IEEE 1394 (FireWire/i.LINK) connector pinouts front panel switch/LED connector pinouts infrared data front panel connector pinouts LED and keylock connectors microprocessor fan power connectors power LED indications speaker connectors telephony connectors Wake on LAN connectors Wake on Ring connectors parallel ports power connectors 4-pin +12V power connectors AT/LPX ATX auxiliary power connectors ATX main power connectors ATX/ATX12V 1.x main power connectors ATX/ATX12V 1.x Mini-Fit Jr. ATX12V 2.x 24-pin Dell proprietary ATX connectors floppy drive power connectors PCI Express x16 Graphics Power connectors peripheral power connectors RIMMs (Rambus inline memory modules) SATA (Serial ATA) SIMMs (single inline memory modules) presence detect pin configurations standard 72-pin pinout Socket 7 SVGA (Super VGA) video adapters USB (universal serial bus) connectors PIO (Programmed I/O) modes, pipeline burst mode, pipelines, pipes (heat), pitch, pits CD-ROMs DVD discs DVD drives pixels, 2nd pixie dust technology, planars [See motherboards,.] plasma displays, plastic land grid array (PLGA) packaging, plastic leaded chip carrier (PLCC), plastic pin grid array (PPGA) package, plated thin-film recording media, platters, 2nd players, CD-i, playing games [See game playing.] PLCC (plastic leaded chip carrier), Plextor, PLGA (plastic land grid array) packaging, pliers, Plug and Play [See PnP (Plug and Play).] Plus Development Division (Quantum), PM800 chipsets, PM880 chipsets, PMA (power memory area), PMR (perpendicular magnetic recording), 2nd PnP (Plug and Play) BIOS 2nd 3rd hardware component operating system component USB (universal serial bus) PnP Configuration menu (BIOS), PO (parity outer) bytes, pocket size DMMs (digital multimeters), point of presence (PoP), point-to-point topology, pointing devices Accupoint alternatives to Ergonomic Mouse GlidePoint trackballs buying tips gaming devices compatibility issues joysticks USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports mouse devices ball-driven mouse buttons cables cleaning components cordless defined device drivers Ergonomic Mouse history of hybrid mouse IntelliMouse Explorer manufacturers optical mouse opto-mechanical mechanism PS/2 mouse interfaces scroll wheels Scrollpoint Pro serial interfaces troubleshooting USB (Universal Serial Bus) trackballs TrackPoint wireless Bluetooth IR (infrared) performance issues power management proprietary radio frequency troubleshooting polarizing filters (LCDs), pollutants, PoP (point of presence), portable keyboards, Portfolio Photo CD discs, ports addresses bus-based device port addresses chipset-based device port addresses motherboard-based device port addresses ATX motherboards buying tips COM mouse interrupt conflicts serial mouse connections disk controller I/O port commands hub ports IEEE 1394 1394a standard 1394b standard advantages of cables chipsets compared to USB device connections hot-plugging signaling rates topology motherboard mouse port (PS/2) parallel ports bidirectional parallel ports configuration DCC (Direct Cable Connection) ECP (Enhanced Capabilities Port) EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) file transfers IEEE 1284 standard linking systems with parallel-to-SCSI converters pinouts standard parallel ports Super I/O chips testing upgrading removable-media drives switch ports USB (universal serial bus) adapters advantages of cables compared to IEEE 1394 configuration connectors 2nd drivers enabling file transfers functions game ports high-speed serial port cards hubs IRQs (interrupt requests) keyboards legacy-free PCs linking systems with locations multi-I/O cards NRZI (non-return to zero) data encoding null modem cables onboard USB ports PnP (Plug and Play) self-identifying peripherals shared interrupts speed Super I/O chips support for testing UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) chips USB 2.0 USB Legacy support USB On-The-Go USBready positional audio, positive DC voltages, positive-pressure-ventilation design, POST (power on self test), 2nd audio error codes AMI BIOS Award BIOS/Phoenix FirstBIOS IBM BIOS Phoenix BIOS checkpoint codes diagnostic services error display fatal erros memory count onscreen messages Award BIOS/Phoenix FirstBIOS IBM BIOS troubleshooting POST INDEX GAP sector data, power calibration area (PCA), power connectors AT ATX main power connectors ATX/ATX12V 1.x 20-pin main power connectors 4-pin +12V power connectors 6-pin auxiliary power connectors maximum power-handling capabilities Molex Mini-Fit Jr. power connectors multiple motherboard power connectors ATX12V 2.x 24-pin backward/forward compatibility Dell proprietary ATX design floppy disk drives floppy power connectors hard disk drives installation PCI Express x16 Graphics Power connectors peripheral power connectors power switch connectors color coding front panel motherboard-controlled switches front panel power supply AC switches integral power supply AC switches SATA (Serial ATA) SATA power connectors power cycling, 2nd power factor correction (PFC), power LED indications, power management ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) APM (Advanced Power Management) desktop systems Energy Star systems monitors portable systems wireless input devices power memory area (PMA), Power menu (BIOS), power on self test [See POST (power on self test),.] power supply [See also power connectors.] +12V power sources +3.3V power sources +5V power sources -12V power sources -5V power sources 425W (PC Power and Cooling) AMD K5 processors backup power batteries replacing RTC/NVRAM BIOS Power menu choosing connecting constant voltage defined efficiency ESD (electrostatic discharge) 2nd 3rd 4th FlexATX motherboards floppy power connectors form factors AT/Desktop AT/Tower ATX/ATX12V 2nd Baby-AT CFX12V EPS/EPS12V industry standards 2nd LFX12V LPX PC/XT proprietary standards SFX/SFX12V table of TFX12V grounded outlets hold-up time importance of input range line regulation linear design loads 2nd manufacturers MTBF (mean time between failures) MTTF (mean time to failure) negative DC voltages outlet/receptacle testers output ratings overloading 2nd overvoltage protection PARD (Periodic and Random Deviation) peak inrush current Pentium 4 issues Pentium-MMX processors peripheral power connectors PFC (power factor correction) positive DC voltages power cycling power management ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) APM (Advanced Power Management) desktop systems Energy Star systems portable systems SMM (system management mode) wireless input devices power-protection systems backup power built-in power protection line conditioners phone line surge protectors surge protectors power-use calculations example floppy disk drives hard disk drives motherboards Power_Good signal powering off/on electrical costs thermal shock preventative maintenance power cycling power-line noise static electricity processor operating voltages 2nd Am5x86(TM)-P75 processor AMD-K6 processors dual-plane power design Pentium II processors 2nd Pentium processors 2nd setting single-plane power design Socket 7 processors VID (voltage identification) VRT (voltage reduction technology) protective features repairing replacing ripple safety certifications SATA power connectors soft-power feature switching design 2nd test equipment back probing digital infrared thermometers DMMs (digital multimeters) variable voltage transformers transient response troubleshooting 2nd diagnostic procedures inadequate cooling overloaded power supply universal power supplies video monitor energy-saving features emission power management voltage measurements voltage regulators power switch connectors color coding front panel motherboard-controlled switches front panel power supply AC switches integral power supply AC switches power-line noise, power-protection systems backup power built-in power protection line conditioners phone line surge protectors surge protectors Power_Good signal, Power_OK signal, PowerDVD5.x, powerline networking, PowerQuest contact information PartitionMagic PPGA (plastic pin grid array) packaging, PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface), PR scale [See P-Ratings (Performance Ratings).] PrairieTek, pre-grooves, PRE-INDEX GAP sector data, preboot environment, Predictive Failure Analysis (PFA), prefixes (binary multiples), 2nd presence detect pin configurations (SIMMs), Press ESC to skip memory test (error message), Press TAB to show POST screen (error message), preventative maintenance active active/passive cleaning boards brushes chemical-freeze sprays cleaning supply companies compressed air connectors contact cleaners/lubricants contacts disassembly disassembly and cleaning tools erasers keyboards mouse devices silicone lubricants standard chemical cleaners swabs vacuum cleaners dust hard disk drives file defragmentation Maintenance Wizard virus checking heating and cooling operating environment pollutants power cycling power-line noise reseating socketed chips RFI (radio-frequency interference) static electricity system backups System Restore tool/supply vendors preventing resource conflicts, PRI (primary rate interface), Primary master hard disk fail (error message), primary monitors, primary rate interface (PRI), Primary slave hard disk fail (error message), primitives, printable surface media (CD-R), PRML (Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood), probe leads, probes, logic, processor complex, processor ducts, effects of installing placement processor fakes, processor remarking, processors, [See also specific processors (i.e. Athlon processors, Pentium processors).] "boxed" processors bugs buying tips codenames dual-core processors 2nd 3rd 4th advantages of AMD Athlon 64 X2 AMD dual-core Opteron Intel Extreme Edition Intel Pentium D dynamic execution Enhanced 3DNow! history of 2nd HT (Hyper-Threading) Technology installation manufacturing .09 micron manufacturing .13 micron manufacturing bonding Celeron processors coppermine dies doping metallization layers overclocking protection photolitography processor fakes processor remarking silicon silicon on insulator (SOI) steppers test process wafers 2nd yields math coprocessors modes IA-32 mode IA-32 virtual real mode IA-32e 64-bit extension mode protected real real mode packaging BBUL (bumpless build-up layer) FC-PGA (flip-chip pin grid array) PGA (pin grid array) PLGA (plastic land grid array) SEC (single edge contact) SECC2 (single edge contact cartridge 2) SEP (single edge processor) SPGA (staggered pin grid array) TCP (tape carrier packaging) processor complex processor ducts effects of installing placement reprogrammable microcode superscalar execution testing troubleshooting 2nd upgrading Professional 3DNow!, program area (CD-ROMs), Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI), programmable ROM [See PROM (programmable ROM).] Programmed I/O (PIO) modes, Programmer's Guide to the AMIBIOS, projectors DLP projectors LCD (liquid crystal display) projectors PROM (programmable ROM) burning cost custom programming EEPROM (erasable programmable ROM) flash ROM recovery upgrading write protection EPROM (erasable programmable ROM) gang programmers OTP (one-time programmable) chips part numbers proprietary modem standards, proprietary power supply designs, proprietary radio frequency input devices, proprietary Travan tape drives, proprietary-design motherboards, backplane systems active passive upgrading ProSavage KM133 chipsets, ProSavage KM266 chipsets, ProSavage P4M266 chipsets, protected mode, 486DX processors 80286 processors 80386 processors protective coating (CD-ROMs), protocols, defined Ethernet [See also wireless networks,.] cables defined Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet hubs 2nd network adapter connectors switches 2nd Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) 2nd full-duplex protocols half-duplex protocols importance of IP (Internet Protocol) IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) MNP (Microm Network Protocol) 2nd NetBEUI RRIP (Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol) TCP/IP broadband settings dial-up networking troubleshooting Token-Ring proxy servers, PS/2 Mouse Function Control setting (BIOS), PS/2 power supply, PS/2 Y adapters, PS_ON signal, 2nd PSK (phase-shift keying), PT800 chipsets, PT880 chipsets, PT880 Ultra chipsets, PT894 chipsets, PT894 Pro chipsets, PTP (parallel track path), pulsers, punch-card systems, purchasing [See buying tips.] pure mechanical keyswitches, Purple Book standard (video CDs), PWR_OK signal, |
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