Remoting and Enterprise Services

Overview

One of the most exciting developments in the Microsoft .NET Framework is the fact that all languages are equal. That means that a programmer can design an attractive interface for a Windows application in C# just as easily as in Microsoft Visual Basic .NET. Similarly, Visual Basic .NET can hold its weight with multithreaded code, COM+, and the thorniest of distributed application issues.

This chapter considers some of the techniques that you'll use when designing large-scale enterprise applications. The first set of recipes (17.1 through 17.10) targets .NET Remoting, the new platform technology that allows objects to communicate across application and computer boundaries. The next set of recipes (17.11 through 17.14) considers enterprise services and the COM+ features for using transactions and object pooling. Finally, the chapter rounds up with a quick look at event logs (recipe 17.15), message queues (recipes 17.16 and 17.17), and performance counters (recipe 17.18).

  Note

Distributed application design is often the science (and art) of compromises. Though the recipes in this chapter teach some important techniques for using various enterprise services, they are no substitute for learning the underlying theory, design patterns, and best practices that can ensure application success (and avoid common pitfalls). For more information about .NET Remoting, you can refer to the dedicated book Microsoft .NET Remoting (Microsoft Press, 2002). For a solid grounding on distributed programming, consult my own Microsoft .NET Distributed Applications (Microsoft Press, 2003).

Make an Object Remotable

Problem

You want to create a class that can be accessed from another application or another computer on the network.

Solution

Make the class remotable by deriving from System.MarshalByRefObject, and create a component host that registers the class with the .NET Remoting infrastructure.

Discussion

Remoting allows you to make an object accessible across process and machine boundaries. To use .NET Remoting, you need the following ingredients, each of which must reside in a separate assembly:

Figure 17-1 shows how these three parts interact. In this example, there is only one client. However, it's also possible for multiple clients to create instances of the remotable class at the same time. In this case, each client will have its own remotable object instance, and all the objects will reside in the application domain of the component host.

Figure 17-1: Using a remotable class.

The first step is to create the remotable class. A simple example is shown here, with a remotable class that returns a DataSet. This approach allows a remote client to retrieve database information without needing to connect directly to the server-side database. The remotable class gains the ability to be invoked remotely because it derives from MarshalByRefObject.

Public Class RemoteObject Inherits MarshalByRefObject Public Function GetCustomerDs() As DataSet Dim ds As New DataSet("Customers") ' (Fill the DataSet by performing a DataBase query.) Return ds End Function ' This method allows you to verify that remoting is working. Public Function GetLocation() As String Return AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName End Function End Class

This class is defined in a class library assembly named RemoteObjects.dll.

  Note

Ideally, the remote object won't retain any state. This allows you to use single-call activation, in which object instances are created at the beginning of each method call and released at the end, much like a Web service. This ensures optimum performance and saves you from the added complexity of implementing a lease policy to configure object lifetime.

Next you must create the component host—the server-side application that hosts all instances of the remote class. You can use any type of long-running .NET application for a component host (including Windows applications, Windows services, and Console applications). Here is the form code for a simple Windows component host. In order to use the code as written, you must import the System.Runtime.Remoting namespace.

Public Class ComponentHostForm Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form ' (Desginer code omitted.) Private Sub Form_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load ' Register the remotable classes. RemotingConfiguration.Configure("SimpleServer.exe.config") ' (As long as this application is running, the remote objects ' will be accessible.) End Sub End Class

The component host uses a configuration file to configure the classes it will support, the ports it will support for network communication, and the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that the client will use to access the object. Following is a simple configuration file that registers the RemoteObjects.RemoteObject class from the RemoteObjects.dll assembly, and provides network access through TCP/IP on the port 9080. This assembly must be in the global assembly cache (GAC) or in the same directory as the server application. The configuration file also configures the remote object to use single-call activation.

The component host never interacts with the remotable objects directly. All it does is register the appropriate types with the .NET Remoting infrastructure. After this point, clients can create object instances, and the server application can continue with other tasks. However, when the component host is closed, any remotable objects will be destroyed, and no more objects can be created.

The client application uses a similar configuration file that indicates the URL of the remote object and its type. The URL takes this form:

[Protocol]://[Server]:[PortNumber]/[ObjectURI]

Here is the complete client configuration file:

The client application uses the RemotingConfiguration.Configure method to register the objects it wants to call. Once this step is taken, the client can create the object exactly as it would create a local object. However, the object will actually be created in the component host application domain. You can verify this with the simple Windows client shown here on the following page.

Public Class ClientForm Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form ' (Desginer code omitted.) Private Sub Form_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load ' Register the classes that will be accessed remotely. RemotingConfiguration.Configure("SimpleClient.exe.config") ' (Now any attempts to instantiate the RemoteObjects.RemoteObject ' class will actually create a proxy to a remote instance.) ' Interact with the remote object through a proxy. Dim Proxy As New RemoteObjects.RemoteObject() MessageBox.Show("Object executing in: " & Proxy.GetLocation()) ' (This displays the name of the component host application domain, ' where the object executes.) MessageBox.Show("Retrieved DataSet: " & _ Proxy.GetCustomerDs.DataSetName) End Sub End Class

In order to instantiate a remote object, the client needs to have a reference to the assembly where the class is defined. This presents an additional deployment step, which you can avoid by using an interface that defines the supported functionality, as explained in recipe 17.5.

  Note

In order to transmit data to and from a remote object, the types you use for parameters and return values must be serializable. All basic types (such as strings, numbers, and so on) are serializable. If you want to use custom classes to transmit data to or from a remote object, you must make sure these classes are also serializable using the Serializable attribute, as described in recipe 4.8.

Register All the Remotable Classes in an Assembly

Problem

You want to register all the remotable classes that are defined in an assembly without having to specify them in a configuration file.

Solution

Load the assembly with the remotable classes using reflection. Loop through all its types, and use the RemotingConfiguration.RegisterWellKnownServiceType to register every remotable class.

Discussion

.NET makes it equally easy to register remotable classes through a configuration file or programmatically with code. For example, consider the example from recipe 17.1. To use programmatic registration, you would first remove the class declarations from the configuration file and leave it as shown here:

 

Now you can combine reflection with the RegisterWellKnownServiceType method to programmatically register all remotable objects.

Private Sub Form_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load ' Use the configuration file to define networking options. RemotingConfiguration.Configure("SimpleServer.exe.config") ' Create a System.Reflection.Assembly representing the assembly ' where remotable classes are defined. Dim RemoteAsm As System.Reflection.Assembly RemoteAsm = System.Reflection.Assembly.LoadFrom("RemoteObjects.dll") ' Process all the types in this namespace. Dim Obj As Type For Each Obj In RemoteAsm.GetTypes() ' Check if the type is remotable. If Obj.IsSubclassOf(GetType(MarshalByRefObject)) Then ' Register each type using the type name as the URI ' (like RemoteObject). RemotingConfiguration.RegisterWellKnownServiceType( _ Obj, Obj.Name, WellKnownObjectMode.SingleCall) End If Next End Sub

  Note

This code determines whether or not a class is remotable by examining if it derives from MarshalByRefObject. This approach always works, but it could lead you to expose some types that you don't want to make remotable. For example, the System.Windows.Forms.Form object derives indirectly from MarshalByRefObject. That means that if your remote object library contains any forms, they will be exposed remotely.

To avoid this problem, do not include remotable types in your assembly unless you want to make them publicly available. Or, identify the types you want to register with a custom attribute. You could then check for this attribute before registering a type. This technique is demonstrated in recipe 9.9.

You can even remove the configuration file entirely and register channels programmatically. Here is the code you would need to replace the current configuration file settings. You'll also need to add a reference to the System.Runtime.Remoting.dll assembly and import the System.Runtime.Remoting.Channels and System.Runtime.Remoting.Channels.Tcp namespaces.

' Define the channel on port 9080. Dim Channel As New TcpServerChannel(9080) ' Register the channel. ChannelServices.RegisterChannel(Channel)

Host a Remote Object in IIS

Problem

You want to create a remotable object in IIS (perhaps so that you can use SSL or IIS authentication) instead of a dedicated component host.

Solution

Place the configuration file and assembly in a virtual directory, and modify the object URI so it ends in .rem or .soap.

Discussion

Instead of creating a dedicated component host, you can host a remotable class in Internet Information Services (IIS). This allows you to ensure that the remotable classes will always be available, and it allows you to use IIS features such as SSL encryption and Integrated Windows authentication.

In order to host a remotable class in IIS, you must first create a virtual directory. The virtual directory will contain two things: a configuration file that registers the remotable classes, and a bin directory where you must place the corresponding class library assembly (or install the assembly in the GAC).

The configuration file for hosting in IIS is quite similar to the configuration file you use with a custom component host. However, you must follow several additional rules:

Here's an example web.config file that registers the remote class shown in recipe 17-1:

A client can use an object hosted in IIS in the same way as an object hosted in a custom component host. However, the virtual directory name will become part of the object URI. For example, if the web.config file shown in the preceding code is hosted in the virtual directory http://localhost/RemoteObjects, the full URL will be http://localhost/RemoteObjects/RemoteObject.rem.

Fire an Event over a Remoting Channel

Problem

You need to create a client that can receive an event fired by a remote object.

Solution

Make sure you are using bidirectional channels. Create a remotable object on the client side that can receive the event from the server.

Discussion

Although the event-handling syntax doesn't change when you use .NET Remoting, it takes additional steps to create a client that can handle an event from a remote object. There are three key requirements:

Here's a sample remotable class that you might use to fire an event to the client. It provides a single public method—StartTask. This method starts a timer, which fires after a short delay (about 10 seconds). When the timer fires, the remotable object raises a TaskComplete event.

Public Class RemoteObject Inherits MarshalByRefObject Public Event TaskComplete(ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As TaskCompleteEventArgs) Private WithEvents tmrCallback As New System.Timers.Timer() Public Sub StartTask() tmrCallback.Interval = 10000 tmrCallback.Start() End Sub Private Sub tmrCallback_Elapsed(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.Timers.ElapsedEventArgs) Handles tmrCallback.Elapsed tmrCallback.Enabled = False RaiseEvent TaskComplete(Me, _ New TaskCompleteEventArgs("Task completed on server")) End Sub ' Uncomment these lines to allow the object to live forever. ' Otherwise, it will be destroyed after five minutes (by default). ' Public Overrides Function InitializeLifetimeService() As Object ' Return Nothing ' End Function End Class _ Public Class TaskCompleteEventArgs Inherits EventArgs Public Result As String Public Sub New(ByVal result As String) Me.Result = result End Sub End Class

The next step is to define a remotable class that runs on the client and can receive this event. This class can then contact the client. The EventListener class shown in the following code provides one such example—it simply raises a second event, which the client can handle directly. As with all remotable objects, it will only be accessible remotely for five minutes, unless you explicitly modify the lifetime lease policy (as described in recipe 17.6). One approach is to simply override the InitializeLifetimeService method to allow the object to live forever, as shown here.

Public Class EventListener Inherits MarshalByRefObject Public Event TaskComplete(ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As RemoteObjects.TaskCompleteEventArgs) ' Handle the remote event. Public Sub TaskCompleted(ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As RemoteObjects.TaskCompleteEventArgs) ' Now raise the event to a local listener. RaiseEvent TaskComplete(sender, e) End Sub ' Ensures that this object will be accessible remotely as long as the ' client application is running. Public Overrides Function InitializeLifetimeService() As Object Return Nothing End Function End Class

The event listener must be defined in a separate assembly so that it can be referenced by the client application and the remotable class, which both need to interact with it.

Now the client application can start the asynchronous task through the RemoteObject class and handle the event through the EventListener. The following form code shows a simple client that displays a message box when the event is received.

Public Class ClientForm Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form ' (Designer code omitted.) ' You can define a RemoteObject as a member variable, but you ' must not create it until after you have called ' RemotingConfiguration.Configure. ' Otherwise, you will instantiate the object locally. Private RemoteObj As RemoteObjects.RemoteObject Private WithEvents Listener As New EventListener.EventListener() Private Sub Form_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load RemotingConfiguration.Configure("SimpleClient.exe.config") RemoteObj = New RemoteObjects.RemoteObject() End Sub Private Sub cmdTest_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdTest.Click AddHandler RemoteObj.TaskComplete, AddressOf Listener.TaskCompleted RemoteObj.StartTask() MsgBox("Task has been started.") End Sub Private Sub RemoteObj_TaskComplete(ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As RemoteObjects.TaskCompleteEventArgs) _ Handles Listener.TaskComplete ' This event fires on one of the remoting listener threads. MessageBox.Show("Event received: " & e.Result) End Sub End Class

In order for this to work, you must make sure that the client is using bidirectional channels. Thus, the channel tag in the configuration file should look like this:

 

On the other hand, here's an example of a client-only channel tag, which cannot receive events:

 

In addition, if you are using .NET 1.1 (the version of the .NET Framework that's included with Visual Studio .NET 2003), you must explicitly enable support for full serialization. Otherwise, the server will not be allowed to receive a delegate for the Listener.TaskCompleted method, and it won't be able to connect the remote event handler.

To enable full serialization support on the server, you need to modify the component host configuration file as shown here:

To enable full serialization support on the client, you need to modify the client configuration file:

These changes aren't required for applications running under .NET 1.0 because it doesn't impose this additional layer of security. The downloadable code for this recipe includes two solutions, one for each version of .NET.

  Note

In this example, the event handler executes on one of the remoting listener threads provided by .NET, not the main application thread. That means that you might need to take additional steps to ensure thread-safety. In particular, if you need to interact with a control on a window, you should marshal your code to the correct thread, as described in recipe 7.9.

Access a Remote Object Through an Interface

Problem

You want a client to be able to create a remote object without requiring a reference to the assembly that defines it.

Solution

Create an interface that defines the methods the client needs to access, and distribute an assembly that contains only the interface.

Discussion

One of the limitations with .NET Remoting is that the client needs a local copy of the assembly with the code for the remote object in order to determine what methods are available. This not only poses an additional distribution headache, but it also can compromise security if you don't want the client to be able to examine the code or create local instances of the classes it contains.

The solution is to create an interface that declares the supported methods. The remote object will then implement the interface. This gives you the freedom to modify the remote object without affecting the client, as long as the interface remains unchanged.

As an example, consider the following interface, which defines the two methods used for the remote class introduced in recipe 17.1.

Public Interface IRemoteObject Function GetCustomerDs() As DataSet Function GetLocation() As String End Interface

The RemoteObject class implements this interface:

Public Class RemoteObject Inherits MarshalByRefObject Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IRemoteObject Public Function GetCustomerDs() As DataSet _ Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IRemoteObject.GetCustomerDs Dim ds As New DataSet("Customers") Return ds End Function Public Function GetLocation() As String _ Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IRemoteObject.GetLocation Return AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName End Function End Class

  Note

Remember, in order to be able to distribute the interface independently, you must place it in a separate class library assembly. If your remote object uses any custom structures or classes to transmit data, or if it uses any custom exceptions or events, these should be defined in the same assembly.

The component host needs no changes—it will still register the RemoteObject class directly from the RemoteObjects.dll assembly. The client, however, needs two small changes. Because the client activates the remote object through an interface, it can no longer create it directly by using the New keyword. Instead, it needs to use the System.Activator class, which provides a shared GetObject method. The GetObject method accepts two parameters: a Type object that indicates the type of class you are activating, and a URL that specifies its exact location:

Obj = Activator.GetObject( _ GetType(RemoteObjectInterfaces.IRemoteObject), _ "tcp://localhost:9080/RemoteObject")

This shift forces the client to hard-code information that would normally be placed in the configuration file. To overcome this limitation and retain the ability to modify the location without recompiling the client, you can store the URL in a custom application setting value in the configuration file.

value="tcp://localhost:9080/RemoteObject" />

Here's the code the client calls to create the object through its interface and access a method:

' Configure the network channel. RemotingConfiguration.Configure("SimpleClient.exe.config") ' Register the object using the interface and a URL defined ' in the section of the configuration file. Dim Obj As Object Obj = Activator.GetObject( _ GetType(RemoteObjectInterfaces.IRemoteObject), _ ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("RemoteObjUrl")) ' Access the remote object through the interface. RemoteObj = CType(Obj, RemoteObjectInterfaces.IRemoteObject) MessageBox.Show("Object executing in: " & RemoteObj.GetLocation)

  Note

One of the benefits of interface-based programming is that it's impossible for the client to accidentally instantiate a local copy of the remoted object. This mistake is prevented because the client no longer has access to the remote object's code.

17 6 Control the Lifetime of a Remote Object

Problem

You want to configure how long a singleton or client-activated object lives while not in use.

Solution

Configure a lease policy by using configuration file settings, overriding the InitializeLifetimeService method, or implementing a custom lease provider.

Discussion

If an object uses single-call activation, it will be automatically destroyed at the end of each method call. This behavior changes with client-activated and singleton objects, which are given a longer lifetime dictated by a lifetime lease. With the default settings, a remote object will be automatically destroyed if it's inactive for two minutes, provided it has been in existence for at least five minutes.

The component host, client, and remote object each have the opportunity to change lifetime settings.

You can create a simple client that periodically checks the lifetime of a remote object. Figure 17-2 shows an example of one such application, which uses a timer that continually polls the settings of the remote object's ILease. Using this application, you can watch the lifetime lease gradually tick down, you can access the object through your code (at which point its lifetime will be renewed automatically), or you can renew the object's lifetime manually, specifying that it should be given five minutes of life. (If the remote object already has at least five minutes of lifetime left, this renewal will have no effect.)

Figure 17-2: Monitoring the lifetime of a remote object.

The full client code is shown here:

Public Class ClientForm Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form ' (Designer code omitted.) Private RemoteObj As RemoteObjects.RemoteObject Private Lease As System.Runtime.Remoting.Lifetime.ILease Private Sub Form_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load RemotingConfiguration.Configure("SimpleClient.exe.config") RemoteObj = New RemoteObjects.RemoteObject() ' Start the timer that checks the lease. tmrCheckLease.Interval = 1000 tmrCheckLease.Start() ' Retrieve the lease with information about the remote object. ' This lease is actually stored in the component host application ' domain. To communicate with it, you use remoting and a proxy. Lease = RemoteObj.GetLifetimeService() End Sub Private Sub tmrCheckLease_Tick(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles tmrCheckLease.Tick ' Check the lease information. Try ' The Lease will be nothing if the remote object has ' overridden InitializeLifetimeService and given itself ' an infinite lifespan. If Not (Lease Is Nothing) Then lblLease.Text = "Current State: " lblLease.Text &= Lease.CurrentState.ToString() & vbNewLine lblLease.Text &= "Initial Time Allocation: " lblLease.Text &= Lease.InitialLeaseTime.ToString() & vbNewLine lblLease.Text &= "Time Remaining: " lblLease.Text &= Lease.CurrentLeaseTime.ToString() End If Catch err As RemotingException ' An error will occur if the object is no longer alive. lblLease.Text = err.ToString() tmrCheckLease.Stop() End Try End Sub Private Sub cmdRenew_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdRenew.Click ' Give the remote object five minutes of life. Lease.Renew(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5)) End Sub Private Sub cmdAccess_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdAccess.Click ' When this method is called, the object lifetime is automatically ' renewed according to the default renewal settings. Dim Test As String = RemoteObj.GetLocation() End Sub End Class

Another way to configure lifetime is through the component host configuration file using the tag. These lease settings apply to all the remote objects created by the component host. Use a trailing M for minutes or an S to indicate seconds.

Here's an example that gives remote objects an initial lifetime of 10 minutes. When a client accesses the object, its lifetime is automatically renewed to at least three minutes.

renewOnCallTime = "3M" />

Finally, a remote object can override InitializeLifetimeService to take control of its own destiny. This is most commonly the case if you are creating a singleton object that needs to run independently (and permanently), even if clients aren't currently using it.

The following code shows the code you could add to a remote class to give it a default 10-minute lifetime and 5-minute renewal time. If you wanted the object to have an unlimited lifetime, simply return a null reference (Nothing) instead of an ILease object.

Public Overrides Function InitializeLifetimeService() As Object Dim Lease As ILease = MyBase.InitializeLifetimeService() ' Lease can only be configured if it is in an initial state. If Lease.CurrentState = LeaseState.Initial Then Lease.InitialLeaseTime = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10) Lease.RenewOnCallTime = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5) End If Return Lease End Function

17 7 Use a Sponsor to Keep Remote Objects Alive

Problem

You want to keep a remote object alive while it's in use, but you don't want to be forced to periodically call the ILease.Renew method from your client.

Solution

Create and register a lease sponsor that will automatically renew the remote object.

Discussion

.NET Remoting introduces the ideas of lifetime leases and lease sponsors. A lease sponsor is remotable object that runs in the client's application domain. It has a single purpose—to keep the remote objects your application is using alive.

The lease sponsor doesn't interact with the remote object directly. Instead, it waits for the .NET Remoting infrastructure to initiate communication. Whenever a remote object is about to expire, .NET will contact every registered lease sponsor. These lease sponsors are given the opportunity to renew the object, keeping it alive. Once .NET finds a lease sponsor that's willing to renew the life of an object, it ends its search. This approach ensures that leasing is a very bandwidth-friendly approach to lifetime management.

You can create your own custom lease sponsor by implementing the System.Runtime.Remoting.Lifetime.ISponsor interface. However, a simpler option is just to use the prebuilt ClientSponsor class from the System.Runtime.Remoting.Lifetime namespace. This class provides a single property—RenewalTime—which indicates the lease time that will be given to the remote object on renewal. The ClientSponsor class also provides Register and Unregister methods, which you use to specify the remote objects it should sponsor.

The following code rewrites the client presented in recipe 17.6 so that it uses a lease sponsor. Now, the object will be renewed automatically, as long as the client application is running.

Private Sponsor As New System.Runtime.Remoting.Lifetime.ClientSponsor() Private Sub Form_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load RemotingConfiguration.Configure("SimpleClient.exe.config") RemoteObj = New RemoteObjects.RemoteObject() Lease = RemoteObj.GetLifetimeService() ' Start the timer that checks the lease. tmrCheckLease.Interval = 1000 tmrCheckLease.Start() ' Register the remote object with the lease sponsor. Sponsor.RenewalTime = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5) Sponsor.Register(RemoteObj) End Sub

For lease sponsors to work, you must use bidirectional channels. Otherwise, the .NET Remoting infrastructure won't be able to initiate a connection to your lease sponsor. Also, if you are using version 1.1 of the .NET Framework, you will need to add an additional section to the <channel> element of the client and component host configuration files to enable support for full serialization. Here's the modified component host configuration file, with the new lines highlighted:

Remember, you can make these changes only if you are using .NET 1.1 (as included with Visual Studio .NET 2003). These settings won't be recognized (and aren't required) for .NET 1.0 applications.

17 8 Control Versioning for Remote Objects

Problem

You want to create a component host that can host more than one version of the same object.

Solution

Install all versions of the object into the GAC, and explicitly register each version at a different URI endpoint.

Discussion

.NET Remoting does not include any intrinsic support for versioning. When a client creates a remote object, the component host automatically uses the version in the local directory or, in the case of a shared assembly, the latest version from the GAC. To support multiple versions, you have three choices:

The last option is the most flexible in cases where you need to support multiple versions. For example, consider the following configuration file, which registers two versions of the RemoteObjects assembly at two different endpoints. Notice that you need to include the exact version number and public key token when using assemblies from the GAC. You can find this information by viewing the assembly in the Windows Explorer GAC plug-in (browse to C:[WindowsDir]Assembly).

The client configuration file won't change at all (aside from updating the URI, if required). The client "chooses" the version it wants to use by using the corresponding URI.

17 9 Use a One Way Method

Problem

You want a method in a remote object to perform a long task, and you don't want to force the client to wait while the method code executes.

Solution

Create a one-way method by applying the OneWay attribute from the System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging namespace.

Discussion

With one-way methods, the client sends a request message, and the remote object responds immediately to indicate it has begun processing. This has several consequences:

To create a one-way method, you need to apply a OneWay attribute (from the System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging namespace) to the appropriate method. The following example shows a remote object that provides two methods, each of which causes a 10-second delay. One of the two methods uses the OneWay attribute, and therefore it won't stall the client.

Public Class RemoteObject Inherits MarshalByRefObject _ Public Sub DoLongTask() ' (Start a long task, that doesn't return ' information to the client.) Delay(10) End Sub Public Sub DoLongTaskWithWait() ' (Start a long task, but force the client ' to wait while processing takes place.) Delay(10) End Sub Private Sub Delay(ByVal seconds As Integer) Dim CurrentTime As DateTime = DateTime.Now Do Loop Until DateTime.Now.Subtract(CurrentTime).TotalSeconds > seconds End Sub End Class

  Note

One-way methods aren't the only way to remove client delays. You can also modify the client to call any method asynchronously. In this case, the client will wait for the method to complete, but it will wait on another thread, so the client application can continue with other work. Asynchronous method calls are described in recipe 7.1.

17 10 Track Multiple Clients with a Singleton

Problem

You want to allow multiple clients to communicate with each other through a single server.

Solution

Create a server-side singleton object that tracks all the currently available clients on the network. The server should store a proxy object for each client in an in-memory collection.

Discussion

When you create a remote object that uses singleton activation mode, only a single instance of it will be created. All the clients that use this remote object will access the same instance. This means that the remote object can store some information that will be shared among all users (such as a list of connected clients). It also means that you'll need to craft thread-safe code using the techniques presented in Chapter 7 because more than one client will be able to access the remote object at the same time.

  Note

This recipe incorporates bidirectional communication (from recipe 17.4), interface-based remoting (from recipe 17.5), and one-way messages (from recipe 17.9). You might want to review these recipes before applying this one.

One useful example is a simple coordinator object that allows clients to log on, log off, and broadcast messages. In order for this type of communication system to work, both the coordinator and the client must include a remotable object. You can define the basic interfaces for the system as follows:

' IClient simply defines the functionality needed ' to receive a message from the server. Public Interface IClient Sub ReceiveMessage(ByVal message As String) End Interface ' IServer simply defines the functionality needed ' to register users and allow any user to request ' that a message be delivered to all other users. Public Interface IServer Sub AddUser(ByVal user As IClient) Sub RemoveUser(ByVal user As IClient) Sub BroadcastMessage(ByVal message As String) End Interface

The server object tracks all the currently connected clients. It also allows any one client to broadcast a message to all clients through the BroadcastMessage method. The full code is shown here, with the required synchronization code to prevent errors from occurring if multiple threads attempt to modify the Clients collection at the same time.

Public Class Server Inherits MarshalByRefObject Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IServer Private Users As New ArrayList() Public Sub AddUser(ByVal user As RemoteObjectInterfaces.IClient) _ Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IServer.AddUser SyncLock Users Users.Add(user) End SyncLock End Sub Public Sub RemoveUser(ByVal user As RemoteObjectInterfaces.IClient) _ Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IServer.RemoveUser SyncLock Users Users.Remove(user) End SyncLock End Sub ' This is a one-way method. There is no need for the client to ' wait while all users are contacted with the message. _ Public Sub BroadcastMessage(ByVal message As String) _ Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IServer.BroadcastMessage ' Create a copy of the client collection. This way, the collection ' doesn't need to be locked while messages are being delivered. Dim Recipients As ArrayList SyncLock Users Recipients = Users.Clone() End SyncLock Dim Recipient As RemoteObjectInterfaces.IClient For Each Recipient In Recipients Dim ReceiveDelegate As New _ RemoteObjectInterfaces.ReceiveMessageDelegate( _ AddressOf Recipient.ReceiveMessage) ReceiveDelegate.BeginInvoke(message, Nothing, Nothing) Next End Sub End Class

The client application includes a Client class that can receive broadcasted messages. Notice that the client does not need to register this class with the .NET Remoting infrastructure because the client will provide a proxy to the remote object by calling the AddUser method.

Public Class Client Inherits MarshalByRefObject Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IClient ' This is the local event that will alert the client application ' that the server sent a broadcast message. Public Event MessageReceived(ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As MessageEventArgs) ' This is a one-way method. There is no need for the server to wait ' while the client deals with the message it has received. _ Public Sub ReceiveMessage(ByVal message As String) _ Implements RemoteObjectInterfaces.IClient.ReceiveMessage RaiseEvent MessageReceived(Me, New MessageEventArgs(message)) End Sub End Class Public Class MessageEventArgs Inherits EventArgs Private _Message As String Public Property Message() As String Get Return _Message End Get Set(ByVal Value As String) _Message = Value End Set End Property Public Sub New(ByVal message As String) MyBase.New() Me.Message = message End Sub End Class

When a message is received, a local event is fired, which the client handles directly. In this case, the client simply displays a message box:

Private WithEvents Client As New Client() Private Sub Client_MessageReceived(ByVal sender As Object, _ ByVal e As SimpleClient.MessageEventArgs) Handles Client.MessageReceived MessageBox.Show("Received: " & e.Message) End Sub

When the client first starts, it creates a local instance of the Client class, registers the remote object it wants to access, and then calls the remote AddUser method. The remote object receives a proxy to the remotable Client class, which it stores in the collection so that it can contact the client later.

Private Server As RemoteObjectInterfaces.IServer Private Sub Form_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load RemotingConfiguration.Configure("SimpleClient.exe.config") Dim Obj As Object Obj = Activator.GetObject( _ GetType(RemoteObjectInterfaces.IServer), _ ConfigurationSettings.AppSettings("RemoteObjUrl")) Server = CType(Obj, RemoteObjectInterfaces.IServer) ' Register the client with the server. Server.AddUser(Client) End Sub

The client can then call BroadcastMessage to send a message to all clients. Here's an example that fires a message in response to a button click:

Private Sub cmdTest_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdTest.Click Server.BroadcastMessage("This is a test") End Sub

If you're writing this application using the .NET Framework 1.1, you'll need to explicitly enable full serialization, or the client reference won't be able to cross application boundaries. To make this change, you'll need to modify the tag in the client and server configuration files, as shown here:

The downloadable code includes two versions of this recipe—one for each version of the .NET Framework.

  Note

Currently, the BroadcastMessage method does not incorporate any error-handling logic. In a production-level application, you would check for an error that might occur if the client cannot be contacted. (This might occur if the client is disconnected or shut down without calling the RemoveUser method.) In response to this error, you would remove the client from the collection and then continue contacting the remaining clients.

17 11 Create a COM+ Serviced Component

Problem

You want to create a component that can use COM+ services such as distributed transactions and object pooling.

Solution

Derive your component from the ServicedComponent class, give your assembly a strong name, and register it in the COM+ catalog using the regsvcs.exe utility.

Discussion

To use COM+ services (as described in recipes 17.13 and 17.14), you must create your component as a class library assembly and add a reference to the System.EnterpriseServices.dll assembly. You can then add one or more classes that derive from System.EnterpriseServices.ServicedComponent. These classes do not need any additional COM-specific code. They gain the ability to use a wide range of COM+ services that you can configure using the attributes in the System.EnterpriseServices namespace.

To test a component that uses COM+ services, you must register it and create a test application. Registering a serviced component takes several steps. The recommended approach is as follows:

  1. Generate a key pair using the sn.exe command-line utility included with Microsoft .NET. Here's an example that saves a key pair to a file named AssemblyKey.snk:

    sn -k AssemblyKey.snk

  2. Add an AssemblyKeyFile attribute to your class library project, identifying the file with the key pair. This ensures that when your assembly is compiled, it will have a unique strong name and can be added to the GAC.

     

  3. Compile the assembly, and place it in the GAC. You can perform this step by pasting the file into the C:[WindowsDir]Assembly directory using the Windows Explorer GAC shell extension, or you can use the GACUtil.exe command-line utility.

    gacutil /i mydll.dll

  4. Register the component using the Regsvcs command-line utility. This creates a COM+ application entry in the COM+ catalog, using the root namespace, and adds all ServicedComponent classes to the application.

    regsvcs mydll.dll

  5. To view your classes in the COM+ catalog, select Component Services from the Administrative Tools section of the Control Panel. The COM+ Explorer is shown in Figure 17-3.

    Figure 17-3: The COM+ catalog.

      Note

    The steps described in this recipe are the recommended best practice. However, you can avoid manual registration and use a .NET feature known as dynamic registration, which will register a COM+ serviced component as soon as it's instantiated by a client. Dynamic registration is completely transparent and convenient while testing. However, it can cause problems if the user running the client doesn't have administrative privileges, or if you update the component code without changing the version number.

17 12 Prevent Duplicate Entries for Serviced Components

Problem

When you update a serviced component, it's registered in the COM+ catalog with a different type library and component GUID.

Solution

Specify the version number of your assembly and GUID of your classes using attributes.

Discussion

By default, every time you register a serviced component, a new type library will be generated, and all the classes it contains will be given new GUIDs. This leads to duplicate entries in the COM+ catalog, which can cause significant confusion. Fortunately, resolving these problems is easy.

The first step is to fix the version number of your assembly. Microsoft Visual Studio .NET creates all applications with the following attribute in the AssemblyInfo.vb file:

 

This attribute indicates that the assembly should be given a new (incrementally updated) version number starting with 1.0 each time it's compiled. COM+ versioning requires that different versions of the same component have different type libraries. But if you are creating multiple builds during the development and testing process, you'll want to fix the version number so that the type library is not regenerated with each modification. Here's one possible example:

 

However, the classes in your assembly will still be assigned new GUIDs each time you register the component. To prevent this behavior, you must choose a GUID for each class and specify it using the Guid attribute from the System.Runtime.InteropServices namespace.

_ Public Class MyServiceClass Inherits ServicedComponent ' (Code omitted.) End Class

17 13 Create a Pooled Component

Problem

You want to use COM+ object pooling to maintain a pool of preinitialized objects.

Solution

Derive your class from ServicedComponent, add the ObjectPooling attribute, and override the CanBePooled method.

Discussion

With object pooling, a "pool" of available, instantiated objects is retained permanently. When a client creates an object, COM+ provides a preinitialized object from the pool. When a client releases an object, it isn't destroyed, but is instead returned to the object pool, where it remains ready to serve another client. Object pooling is most often used for one of two reasons in a distributed application:

To use object pooling, you must create a serviced component, as described in recipe 17.11. Then add the System.EnterpriseServices.ObjectPooling attribute to the declaration for the class you want to pool. In the attribute constructor, you can specify both the minimum size of the pool and the maximum. The minimum size specifies the number of available objects that should always be in the pool. The maximum size specifies the maximum number objects that can be created at any one time, including those that are in use and those that are available in the pool.

Consider the following example:

_ Public Class MyClass ' (Code omitted.) End Class

This class exhibits the following behavior:

In addition, when creating a pooled object, you must override the CanBePooled method. This method is called whenever the object is disposed, and it must return True if you want the object to be placed in the pool. Otherwise, the object will be destroyed. You can also override the Activate and Deactivate methods to configure the object immediately after it's fetched from the pool and just before it's returned to the pool.

Here's a sample component that demonstrates object pooling. It performs some time-consuming logic in the constructor when it's first created. The first time the object is created, there will be noticeable delay. On subsequent use, the object will be retrieved almost instantaneously from the pool.

_ Public Class PooledObject Inherits ServicedComponent Private _CreatedTime As DateTime Public ReadOnly Property CreatedTime() As DateTime Get Return _CreatedTime End Get End Property Public Sub New() ' Simulate a time-consuming operation. Dim i, j As Integer For i = 1 To 100000 For j = 1 To 10000 Next Next _CreatedTime = DateTime.Now End Sub ' Allow this object to be pooled unless it is five minutes old. Protected Overrides Function CanBePooled() As Boolean If DateTime.Now.Subtract(CreatedTime).TotalMinutes < 5 Then Return True Else Return False End If End Function End Class

The PooledObject class tracks the time that it was created and provides this information through a public CreatedTime property. This allows the object to decide not to return to the pool if a certain amount of time has elapsed (in this example, five minutes). In addition, it allows the client to determine when a specific instance was first created.

Here's how the client would interact with the PooledObject class:

' Create the object. Dim Obj As New TestComponent.PooledObject() ' Check when this instance of the object was created. MessageBox.Show("Object created at: " & Obj.CreatedTime.ToLongTimeString()) ' Release the object (possibly to the pool). Obj.Dispose()

  Note

In Windows 2000, COM+ pooled components are created in a default application domain and shared among all clients machine-wide. In Windows XP, pooled components are limited to the application domain where they were created (therefore, pools can't be shared even between two applications on the same computer). If you want to pool objects among multiple clients, you must add an additional layer between the pooled object and the client. For example, you could create a Web service or a .NET Remoting component that runs on a server and uses pooled components.

17 14 Use a COM+ Distributed Transaction

Problem

You want to perform multiple operations with different data sources, and you want these operations to either fail or succeed as a unit.

Solution

Derive your class from ServicedComponent, specify the type of transactional behavior you want by adding the Transaction attribute to the class declaration, and add the AutoComplete attribute to all methods.

Discussion

COM+ allows you to create classes that have set transaction requirements. When a client uses a method in a transactional class, a transaction will be started automatically, and committed when the code completes. Coding transactions in this way is easy and transparent. It also allows you to flexibly tie multiple methods together in a single transaction at runtime. However, COM+ transactions require the Distributed Transaction Coordinator (DTC) service on the computer to coordinate all transactions using a two-stage commit process. This is inherently slower than a simple database-initiated transaction. For that reason, COM+ transactions are most often used when you need to create a transaction that spans multiple data sources (such as an Oracle database and a SQL Server database).

To use distributed transactions, you must first create a serviced component, as described in recipe 17.11. Then, add the System.EnterpriseServices.Transaction attribute to the class that will run inside the transaction and specify a value from the TransactionOption enumeration. Supported values include

In a COM+ transaction, every participating object must vote to commit or abort the transaction. If any object votes to abort, the entire transaction is rolled back. Your object can vote by setting the shared ContextUtil.MyTransactionVote property. However, a simpler approach is to add the AutoComplete attribute to all methods. In this case, the transaction will be automatically committed if the code completes successfully and aborted if an unhandled exception is encountered.

The following class provides an AttemptChanges method that modifies a SQL Server database. However, before the method completes, an unhandled exception is thrown, and the entire transaction is rolled back.

_ Public Class TransactionTest Inherits ServicedComponent Private ConnectionString As String = "Data Source=localhost;" & _ "Integrated Security=SSPI;Initial Catalog=Northwind" _ Public Sub AttemptChanges() ' Delete records from SQL Server. Dim Con As New SqlConnection(ConnectionString) Dim Cmd As New SqlCommand("DELETE * FROM Customers", Con) Try Con.Open() Cmd.ExecuteNonQuery() Finally Con.Close() End Try ' (Access another data source here.) ' This unhandled exception will cause all transactional ' operations to be rolled back. ' You could also set the vote manually using ' ContextUtil.MyTransactionVote = TransactionVote.Abort ' ContextUtil.DeactivateOnReturn = True Throw New ApplicationException("Task aborted.") End Sub End Class

  Note

If a data source supports COM+ transactions, it will automatically be enlisted in the current transaction. However, some operations (such as writing a file to disk) are inherently not transactional. That means that these operations won't be rolled back if the transaction fails.

17 15 Write to the Windows Event Log

Problem

You need to write a log entry to the Windows event log on the current computer.

Solution

Register the event source and create the log if required. Write the message using the System.Diagnostics.EventLog class.

Discussion

The EventLog class makes it easy to write and retrieve event log entries. You create an EventLog instance that wraps a specific log—typically the all-purpose Application log or a custom log that's used by your application.

' Access the Application log. Dim Log As New EventLog("Application")

You can also supply an additional argument to the EventLog constructor to specify a computer name. This allows you to access an event log defined on another computer on the network.

' Access the Application log. Dim Log As New EventLog("Application", "ComputerName")

To retrieve log entries, use the EventLog.Entries property, which provides a collection of EventLogEntry instances. To write a log entry, call the EventLog.WriteEntry method, specifying a text message and optionally other information, including an event log type (error, warning information, or security audit). However, before you attempt to write a message, you should make sure the current application is registered to write in the log, and you should call the EventLog.CreateEventSource method if it's not.

Here's an example Console application that writes a single log entry into a custom log and the displays all the entries in the log:

Public Module EventLogTest Public Sub Main() ' Register the event source if needed. If Not EventLog.SourceExists("MyApp1") Then ' This registers the event source and creates the custom log, ' if needed. EventLog.CreateEventSource("MyApp1", "MyNewLog") End If ' Create a log instance. Dim Log As New EventLog("MyNewLog") Log.Source = "MyApp1" ' Write a message. Log.WriteEntry("This is a test message.", _ EventLogEntryType.Information) ' Display all messages. Dim Entry As EventLogEntry For Each Entry In Log.Entries Console.WriteLine("Message: " & Entry.Message) Console.WriteLine("Written By: " & Entry.Source) Console.WriteLine("Written At: " & Entry.TimeWritten.ToString()) Console.WriteLine("Type: " & Entry.EntryType.ToString()) Console.WriteLine() Next Console.ReadLine() End Sub End Module

This code will work only it if executes under an account that has permission to modify the event log. To grant this permission to an account that lacks it, you must use regedt32.exe and find the HKEY_Local_MachineSYSTEMCurrentControlSetServicesEventLog key. Then right-click the EventLog key, and select Permissions. Any account that is granted Full Control of this folder will be able to write to the event log.

17 16 Find All the Message Queues on a Computer

Problem

You need to retrieve a list of the public queues in Active Directory or the private queues on a given computer.

Solution

Use the GetPublicQueues or GetPrivateQueuesByMachine methods of the System.Messaging.MessageQueue class.

Discussion

.NET allows you to examine and administer message queues and the messages they contain using the classes in the System.Messaging namespace. You can create a MessageQueue class that wraps a specific message queue by specifying the queue path in the constructor.

' Check if a queue named MyQueue exists on the current computer. If MessageQueue.Exists(".MyQueue") Then ' Show its name. Dim Queue As New MessageQueue(".MyQueue") Console.WriteLine(Queue.QueueName) End If

In addition, you can retrieve all the queues in Active Directory using the shared MessageQueue.GetPublicQueues method, or you can retrieve the private queues on a given machine using the shared MessageQueue.GetPrivateQueuesByMachine method, in which case you must specify a computer name, or a period (.) to indicate the current computer.

The following code shows a simple Console application that enumerates all the queues on the current machine and displays the messages they contain. In order to use this code, you must add a reference to the System.Messaging.dll assembly and import the System.Messaging namespace.

Public Module GetQueues Public Sub Main() Dim Queue, Queues() As MessageQueue ' Get the private queues for the current machine. Queues = MessageQueue.GetPrivateQueuesByMachine(".") For Each Queue In Queues Console.WriteLine("Name: " & Queue.QueueName) Console.WriteLine("Path: " & Queue.Path) ' Get a snapshot of all messages (without removing them.) Console.WriteLine("Contains:") Dim Message, Messages() As Message Messages = Queue.GetAllMessages() For Each Message In Messages Console.WriteLine(Message.Id.ToString()) Console.WriteLine(Message.Body.ToString()) Next Console.WriteLine() Next Console.ReadLine() End Sub End Module

  Note

You can add, remove, and administer message queues using the Computer Management console. Expand the Message Queuing node under the Services And Application node. You can right-click on a queue category folder to create a new queue for your application.

17 17 Send a Custom Message Object Through Message Queuing

Problem

You want to send a custom object to another application via a message queue.

Solution

Create a serializable class that has a zero-argument constructor and includes no read-only properties. Wrap an instance of this class in a Message object and pass the Message object to the MessageQueue.Send method.

Discussion

Message queues accept simple text messages and custom .NET objects. In order to use a custom object, it must satisfy three criteria:

Here's an example of a class that can be serialized and sent in the body of a message:

_ Public Class OrderMessage Private _OrderCode As String Private _ClientName As String Public Property OrderCode() Get Return _OrderCode End Get Set(ByVal Value) _OrderCode = Value End Set End Property Public Property ClientName() As String Get Return _ClientName End Get Set(ByVal Value As String) _ClientName = Value End Set End Property Public Sub New() ' No actions are required in the default constructor. End Sub Public Sub New(ByVal code As String, ByVal client As String) OrderCode = code ClientName = client End Sub End Class

The following example shows the full code for a simple test form that sends and receives instances of the OrderMessage object. Sending the object is effortless—you simply need to wrap it in a Message object and pass the Message object to the MessageQueue.Send method. Retrieving the message is equally easy, provided you make sure to specify the expected object types in the constructor for the XmlMessageFormatter. If you attempt to deserialize an unrecognized object (one that you have not configured through the MessageQueue.AllowedTypes property), an exception will be thrown.

Public Class QueueForm Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form ' (Designer code omitted.) Private QueuePath As String = ".Private$OrderQueue" Private Queue As MessageQueue Private Sub Form_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load ' Create the queue if needed. If MessageQueue.Exists(QueuePath) Then Queue = New MessageQueue(QueuePath) Else Queue = MessageQueue.Create(QueuePath) End If ' Messages are formatted using XML (not binary) encoding. Queue.Formatter = New XmlMessageFormatter() End Sub Private Sub cmdSend_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdSend.Click Dim Ord As New OrderMessage(Guid.NewGuid().ToString(), "Test Client") Dim Msg As New Message(Ord) ' (Configure other Message properties here.) Msg.Label = "Test Order" Queue.Send(Msg) End Sub Private Sub cmdReceive_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles cmdReceive.Click Me.Cursor = Cursors.WaitCursor Dim ReceivedMessage As Message ' Specify all the allowed object types in an array. Dim AllowedTypes() As Type = {GetType(OrderMessage)} Queue.Formatter = New XmlMessageFormatter(AllowedTypes) Try ' If no message is found after five seconds, an exception occurs. ' You can also explicitly retrieve all messages from the queue ' using the Queue.GetAllMessages method. ReceivedMessage = Queue.Receive(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5)) ' Check if it is the expected type. If TypeOf ReceivedMessage.Body Is OrderMessage Then ' Process message here. Dim ReceivedOrder As OrderMessage ReceivedOrder = CType(ReceivedMessage.Body, OrderMessage) MessageBox.Show("Received order: " & ReceivedOrder.OrderCode) End If Catch Err As MessageQueueException MessageBox.Show("No messages.") End Try Me.Cursor = Cursors.Default End Sub End Class

In order to use this code as written, you must add a reference to the System.Messaging.dll assembly and import the System.Messaging namespace.

17 18 Use a Custom Performance Counter

Problem

You want to gauge the performance of an application with a custom business-specific counter.

Solution

Create the counters using the PerformanceCounterCategory and CounterCreationDataCollection classes. Increment the counters using the PerformanceCounter class.

Discussion

.NET includes performance counters that allow you to monitor the performance of the common language runtime, Microsoft ADO.NET, .NET Remoting, and Microsoft ASP.NET. In addition, you can create your own custom counters using the classes in the System.Diagnostics namespace.

Before using a custom counter, you need to create it. You can create custom counters using the Visual Studio .NET Server Explorer or programmatically in code. You also need to create a new category for your counters (unless you want to use an existing category). Once the counter category and counters have been created, you can create instances of the counter using the PerformanceCounter class and call the Increment method to add one to the counter value.

There are several different types of counters. Two of the most common are total counters (which simply keep track of the total number of times they have been incremented), and rate counters (which track the number of times they are incremented in a given unit of time). When recording totals, you can use the NumberOfItems32 and NumberOfItems64 counter types (depending on whether you want to store the counter as a 32-bit or 64-bit value). When recording rates, you can use RateOfCountsPerSecond32 and RateOfCountsPerSecond64. In addition, you can calculate the average time for an operation using AverageTimer32. These represent the five most commonly used counter types.

The Console application shown here creates a new counter category and adds a total and rate counter. The application then creates instances of each counter and increments them.

Public Module CounterTest Public Sub Main() ' Create the counters if needed CreateCounters() ' Create an instance of each counter. ' The instance name is "CounterTest". If you use the same ' counters in other applications, you could use a different ' instance name so as not to confuse them. Dim LoginCounter As New PerformanceCounter("MyApp Counters", _ "TotalLogins", "CounterTest", False) Dim DBCounter As New PerformanceCounter("MyApp Counters", _ "DatabaseOperations", "CounterTest", False) Console.WriteLine("Counters created.") Console.WriteLine("You can add them to the Performance Monitor now.") ' Increment both of the counters 10 times. ' You can monitor the effect of this code in Performance Monitor. Console.WriteLine("Press Enter to increment 10 times, " & _ "or type exit to end.") Do Until Console.ReadLine().ToLower() = "exit" Dim i As Integer For i = 1 To 10 LoginCounter.Increment() DBCounter.Increment() Next Console.WriteLine("Press Enter to increment 10 times, " & _ "or type exit to end.") Loop ' Remove the counters. DBCounter.RemoveInstance() LoginCounter.RemoveInstance() End Sub Private Sub CreateCounters() If Not (PerformanceCounterCategory.Exists("MyApp Counters")) Then Dim Counters As New CounterCreationDataCollection() ' Create a simple counter that records a total value. Dim CountCounter As New CounterCreationData() CountCounter.CounterName = "TotalLogins" CountCounter.CounterHelp = "Total number of user logins." CountCounter.CounterType = PerformanceCounterType.NumberOfItems32 ' Create a rate counter that records a per second value. Dim RateCounter As New CounterCreationData() RateCounter.CounterName = "DatabaseOperations" RateCounter.CounterHelp = "Number of database operations " & _ "performed by MyApp per second" RateCounter.CounterType = _ PerformanceCounterType.RateOfCountsPerSecond32 ' Add both counters to the collection. Counters.Add(CountCounter) Counters.Add(RateCounter) ' Create the custom category. PerformanceCounterCategory.Create("MyApp Counters", _ "Counters for MyApp", Counters) End If End Sub End Module

You can view the results using Performance Monitor (select Performance from the Administrative Tools section of the Control Panel). The rate counter will fall off dramatically when the counter is not being incremented. The total counter will remain fixed, rising proportionately as it's incremented. The results of a simple test are shown in Figure 17-4.

Figure 17-4: Custom performance counters in the Performance Monitor.

Chapter 18 Security and Cryptography

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