C4ISR Architecture Framework

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has defined a framework for architecture development, presentation, and integration to be used across the military services and defense agencies. This framework defines a coordinated approach for the Command, Control, Computers, Communication, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) military domains. The intent of the C4ISR Architecture Framework is to promote interoperable, integrated, and cost-effective computer-based systems within and across DoD organizations. This framework is becoming the required method for the description of information systems within the DoD and is also being adopted and mandated by several other U.S. government agencies.

The motivation for the development of this framework was the lack of a common approach for architecture development and use within the DoD. The architectures being developed by the various DoD organizations differ significantly in content and format, leading to the development of fielded products that are not interoperable. These differences also prohibit useful comparisons and contrasts when analyzing the various architectures. The C4ISR Architecture Framework is intended to provide a common lingua franca for the various DoD commands, services, and agencies to describe their diverse architectures. This is intended to help with cross-system analysis and fielded-system interoperability.

The framework differentiates between an architecture description and an architecture implementation. An architecture description is a representation of the parts, what those parts do, how they relate to one another, and under what rules and constraints. The C4ISR framework is concerned only with this representation, not the implementation in the field. This is the major difference between the C4ISR framework and the thrust of this book.

The C4ISR Architecture Framework has the following main components:

Our interest here is in the common views prescribed by the framework.

11.5.1 Common Architectural Views of the C4ISR Framework

The C4ISR Architecture Framework defines three views: operational, system, and technical. The C4ISR Framework does not map directly to our views. The C4ISR views can be summarized as follows:

To be consistent and integrated, an architecture description must provide explicit linkages among its views. This linkage is provided by the framework products.

11.5.2 Common Products

All the necessary C4ISR architecture representation products are defined by the framework, which contains detailed descriptions of the product types that must be used to describe operational, systems, and technical architecture views. In many cases, representation formats, product templates, and examples are also provided. The architecture products to be developed are classified into two categories.

Tables 11.10 and 11.11 summarize the essential and supporting products, respectively, defined by the C4ISR Architecture Framework. It must be said that C4ISR, for all its attention to architecture, in fact is directed almost exclusively to documenting system architecture. None of its three views and none of its essential or supporting products prescribe anything that remotely resembles software architecture. The operational architecture speaks in terms of user-visible operations. The system architecture addresses how those operations are carried out on physical resources, that is, hardware. And the technical architecture imposes rules and constraints, which in practice has come to mean the selection of a set of interface standards and nothing more. Nowhere is the software for the system described in terms of its structure or the behavior and interrelationships of the elements of that structure.

Table 11.10. C4ISR architecture framework essential products

Architecture Product C4ISR Architecture View
Overview and Summary Information All views
Integrated Dictionary All views
High-Level Operational Concept Graphic Operational
Operational Node Connectivity Description Operational
Operational Information Exchange Matrix Operational
System Interface Description Systems
Technical Architecture Profile Technical

Table 11.11. C4ISR architecture framework supporting products

Architecture Product C4ISR Architecture View
Command Relationships Chart Operational
Activity Model Operational
Operational Activity Sequence and Timing Descriptions Operational
Operational Activity Sequence and Timing DescriptionsOperational State Transition Description Operational
Operational Activity Sequence and Timing DescriptionsOperational Event/Trace Description Operational
Logical Data Model Operational
Systems Communications Description Systems
Systems2 Matrix Systems
Systems Functionality Description Systems
Operational Activity to System Function Traceability Matrix Systems
System Information Exchange Matrix Systems
System Performance Parameters Matrix Systems
System Evolution Description Systems
System Technology Forecast Systems
System Activity Sequence and Timing Descriptions Systems
Systems Activity Sequence and Timing DescriptionsSystems Rules Model Systems
Systems Activity Sequence and Timing DescriptionsSystems State Transition Description Systems
Systems Activity Sequence and Timing DescriptionsSystems Event/Trace Description Systems
Physical Data Model Systems
Standards Technology Forecast Technical

That said, however, if you're mandated to use C4ISR, you do have options at your disposal. The first is to recognize the difference between software and system architecture and to recognize that a software-intensive system needs documentation for both. Render unto C4ISR what is C4ISR's, and provide documentation for the software architecture, using the guidance of this book, separately. The second option is to work the documentation for the software architecture into the framework prescribed by C4ISR. This is plan B, for sure, but serves when management, having been told to adopt C4ISR, balks at learning that something separate is needed for the software aspects.

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