The exceptions Module
The exceptions module provides the standard exception hierarchy. It's automatically imported when Python starts, and the exceptions are added to the _ _builtin_ _ module. In other words, you usually don't need to import this module.
This is a Python module in 1.5.2, and a built-in module in 2.0 and later.
The following standard exceptions are defined by this module:
- Exception is used as a base class for all exceptions. It's strongly recommended (but not yet required) that user exceptions are derived from this class too.
- SystemExit(Exception) is raised by the sys.exit function. If it propagates to the top level without being caught by a try-except clause, the interpreter is terminated without a traceback message.
- StandardError(Exception) is used as a base class for all standard exceptions (except SystemExit, that is).
- KeyboardInterrupt(StandardError) is raised when the user presses Control-C (or any other interrupt key). Note that this may cause strange errors if you use "catch all" try-except statements.
- ImportError(StandardError) is raised when Python fails to import a module.
- EnvironmentError is used as a base class for exceptions that can be caused by the interpreter's environment (that is, they're usually not caused by bugs in the program).
- IOError(EnvironmentError) is used to flag I/O-related errors.
- OSError(EnvironmentError) is used to flag errors by the os module.
- WindowsError(OSError) is used to flag Windows-specific errors from the os module.
- NameError(StandardError) is raised when Python fails to find a global or local name.
- UnboundLocalError(NameError) is raised if your program attempts to access a local variable before it has been assigned a value. This exception is only used in 2.0 and later; earlier versions raise a plain NameError exception instead.
- AttributeError(StandardError) is raised when Python fails to find (or assign to) an instance attribute, a method, a module function, or any other qualified name.
- SyntaxError(StandardError) is raised when the compiler stumbles upon a syntax error.
- (2.0 and later) IndentationError(SyntaxError) is raised for syntax errors caused by bad indentation. This exception is only used in 2.0 and later; earlier versions raise a plain SyntaxError exception instead.
- (2.0 and later) TabError(IndentationError) is raised by the interpreter when the -tt option is used to check for inconsistent indentation. This exception is only used in 2.0 and later; earlier versions raise a plain SyntaxError exception instead.
- TypeError(StandardError) is raised when an operation cannot be applied to an object of the given type.
- AssertionError(StandardError) is raised when an assert statement fails (if the expression is false, that is).
- LookupError(StandardError) is used as a base class for exceptions raised when a sequence or dictionary type doesn't contain a given index or key.
- IndexError(LookupError) is raised by sequence objects when the given index doesn't exist.
- KeyError(LookupError) is raised by dictionary objects when the given key doesn't exist.
- ArithmeticError(StandardError) is used as a base class for exceptions that are math-related.
- OverflowError(ArithmeticError) is raised when an operations overflows (for example, when an integer is too large to fit in the given type).
- ZeroDivisionError(ArithmeticError) is raised when you try to divide a number by zero.
- FloatingPointError(ArithmeticError) is raised when a floating point operation fails.
- ValueError(StandardError) is raised if an argument has the right type, but an invalid value.
- (2.0 and later) UnicodeError(ValueError) is raised for type problems related to the Unicode string type. This is only used in 2.0 and later.
- RuntimeError(StandardError) is used for various run-time problems, including attempts to get outside the box when running in restricted mode, unexpected hardware problems, etc.
- NotImplementedError(RuntimeError) can be used to flag functions that hasn't been implemented yet, or methods that should be overridden.
- SystemError(StandardError) is raised if the interpreter messes up, and knows about it. The exception value contains a more detailed description (usually something cryptic, like "eval_code2: NULL globals" or so). I cannot recall ever seeing this exception in over five years of full-time Python programming, but maybe that's just me.
- MemoryError(StandardError) is raised when the interpreter runs out of memory. Note that this only happens when the underlying memory allocation routines complain; you can often send your poor computer into a mindless swapping frenzy before that happens.
You can create your own exception classes. Just inherit from the built-in Exception class (or a proper standard exception), and override the constructor and/or _ _str_ _ method as necessary. Example 1-26 shows the exceptions module.
Example 1-26. Using the exceptions Module
File: exceptions-example-1.py
# python imports this module by itself, so the following
# line isn't really needed
# import exceptions
class HTTPError(Exception):
# indicates an HTTP protocol error
def _ _init_ _(self, url, errcode, errmsg):
self.url = url
self.errcode = errcode
self.errmsg = errmsg
def _ _str_ _(self):
return (
"" %
(self.url, self.errcode, self.errmsg)
)
try:
raise HTTPError("http://www.python.org/foo", 200, "Not Found")
except HTTPError, error:
print "url", "=>", error.url
print "errcode", "=>", error.errcode
print "errmsg", "=>", error.errmsg
raise # reraise exception
url => http://www.python.org/foo
errcode => 200
errmsg => Not Found
Traceback (innermost last):
File "exceptions-example-1", line 16, in ?
HTTPError:
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